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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nasolacrimal Duct
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drains tears into nasal cavity
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Lacrimal Gland
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produces tears
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Palpebral Conjunctiva
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membrane that covers the inner surface of eyelid
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Lacrimal Canals
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tears from the surface of the eyes drain here
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Bulbar Conjunctiva
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membrane that covers the anterior surface of the sclera
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Lacrimal Sac
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drains tears into the nasolacrimal duct
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Ciliary Process
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produces aqueous humor.
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Sclera
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white tough outer layer of the eyeball
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Ora Serrrata
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anterior part of the retina
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Suspensatory Ligaments
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attaches lens to the ciliary body
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Why can the retina pull away from the back of the eyeball?
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its only attached by the optic disc and fluid can get between the choroid and the retina pushing the retina away from the choroid.
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Name the two layers of the retina.
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pigmented epithelium and neural layer
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What is the most anterior part of the eyeball?
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the cornea
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Which part of the eye has the highest density of cones in te retina?
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central fovea
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Ganglion cell layer axons form the ............
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optic nerve
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This does not contain photoreceptors and is also called the blind spot........
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optic disc
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What are the cones?
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the photoreceptors which allow us to see color.
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The center of the neural portion of th retina is called?
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Central Fovea
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These photoreceptors are used in night vision.
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Rods
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Rods and cones synapse on these cells.
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Bipolar Cell Layer
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TRH
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thyrotrophin
promotes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin releasing factor (PRL) secretion |
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CRH
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corticotrophin
promotes adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) secretion |
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TRH
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thyrotrophin
promotes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin releasing factor (PRL) secretion |
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GnRH
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gonadotrophin
promotes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Lutenizing Hormone (LH) secretion |
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CRH
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corticotrophin
promotes adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) secretion |
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PRF
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Prolactin Releasing Factor
promotes prolactin (PRL secretion |
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GnRH
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gonadotrophin
promotes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Lutenizing Hormone (LH) secretion |
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GHRH
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Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
promotes growth hormone (GH) secretion |
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PRF
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Prolactin Releasing Factor
promotes prolactin (PRL secretion |
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PIF
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Prolactin Inhibiting Factor
inhibits prolactin (PRL)secretion |
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GHRH
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Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
promotes growth hormone (GH) secretion |
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GHIH
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Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone
inhibits growth hormone (GH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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PIF
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Prolactin Inhibiting Factor
inhibits prolactin (PRL)secretion |
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OT
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Oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions *stored in posterior pituitary |
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GHIH
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Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone
inhibits growth hormone (GH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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ADH
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Antidiuretic Hormone
returns water from kidney tubules to blood *stored in posterior pituitary |
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HGH
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Human Growth Hormone
stimulates liver to produce insulin-like growth factors (IGF) that encourage fat, bone and cartilage growth |
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OT
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Oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions *stored in posterior pituitary |
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ADH
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Antidiuretic Hormone
returns water from kidney tubules to blood *stored in posterior pituitary |
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HGH
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Human Growth Hormone
stimulates liver to produce insulin-like growth factors (IGF) that encourage fat, bone and cartilage growth |
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TSH
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
stimulates thyroid to release thyroid hormone |
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FSH
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone
stimulates production of eggs or sperm |
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LH
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Luteinizing Hormone
stimulates ovulation maintains pregnancy |
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PRL
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Prolactin
after child-birth, stimulates breasts to produce milk |
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ACTH
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Adrenocorticotrophic
regulates response to stress, stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids |
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MSH
(anterior pituitary) |
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
unknown |
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T3 & T4
(thyroid) |
Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine
increases metabolic rate, stimuates cellular metabolism to maintain normal body temp, work w/ GH and insulin to promote growth & development |
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CT
(thyroid) |
Calcitonin
decreases calcium in blood by decreasing osteoclast activity |
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PTH
(parathyroid) |
Parathyroid Hormone
promotes osteoclasts to reabsorb bone matrix by releasing Ca ++ into bood and slows loss of Ca ++ in urine (raises blood Ca++) |
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The nervous system exerts control through what?
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Nerve Impulses
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The endocrine system exerts control with what?
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chemical messenger molecules called hormones
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How do hormones work?
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endocrine glands secrete hormones into the interstitial cells around the gland,
the hormones diffuse into capillaries, blood transports hormones to target organs, target organs do what the hormones tell them to do |
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Circulating Hormones
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hormones that travel to distant target organs via the bloodstream.
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Local Hormones
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hormones that act locally.
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Paracrines
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local hormones that act on adjacent cells
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Autocrines
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local hormones that act on he cells that secrete them
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What are the two chemical classes of hormones?
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Lipid Soluble and Water Soluble
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Lipid Soluable Examples
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steroids, thyroid hormones, nitic oxides
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Water Soluable Examples
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amines, peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, eicosanoids
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Most water soluble hormones travel around in what? Are they attached to anything or unattached?
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Plasma and free and unattached
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Adosterone
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target organ is kidneys, increases sodium and decreases potassium reabsorption which helps to adjust BP, Blood volume and promotes excretion of H+ (acids) in urine.
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Cortisol, Cortisone, Corticosterone
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targets liver, muscle and cels involved in body defenses
anti inflammatory |
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Androgens
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promotes sex drive in females, only source of estrogen after menopause
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Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
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body cells involved in fight or flight response
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Glucagon
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increases blood gluclose levels
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Inuslin
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decreases blood gluclose levels
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Somatostatin
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inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon
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Pancreatic Polypeptide
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regulates release of pancreatic enzymes
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Estrogens/Progesterones
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regulate menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, prepare breasts for lactation,maintain 2nd sex characteristics
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Testosterone
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regulates production of sperm, stimulates development and maintains 2nd sex characteristics
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Inhibin
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inhibits secretion of FSH
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thymosin
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produced in the thymus, promotes maturation of Tcells that boost immunity
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Lipid Soluble Hormones
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bind to transport protein (taxi molecules) to be carried in blood which, makes them temporarily water soluble and prevents them from being filtered by kidneys,.
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Mechanisms of Hormone Action for Lipid Soluble Hormones
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got through plasma membrane and bind to and activate receptors INSIDE target cells, activated receptors alter genes, new proteins are formed, new proteins affect the cell's activitiy, cell does what the hormone told it to do
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Mechanics of Hormone Action for Water Soluble Hormones
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activate plasma membrane receptors ON target cell, receptor activation sets off a cascade of events inside the cell, the hormone is the first messenger – turns on…, a second messenger (cyclic AMP) is released in the cell, cyclic AMP activates enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions
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Amplification
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very small amounts of hormones have big effects on target cells
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Response of Hormone Target Cell depends on what?
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hormone concentration, number of target cell receptors, influence of other hormones
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Permissive Effect
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one hormone doesn't interfere with another hormone
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Synergistic Effect
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one hormone enhances the effect of another hormone.
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Antagonistic Effect
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one hormone interferes with he effect of another hormone
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How are hormones usually released from endocrine glands?
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short bursts
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Hormone release is controlled by what?
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signals from nervous system, chemical changes in blood, other hormones
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What regulates hormones?
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negative feedback
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Hypothalamus
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links nervous and endocrine systems, forms the floor and walls of the 3rd ventricle of the brain, regulates primitive functions like water balance and sex drive
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What gland carries out many of the functions of the hypothalamus?
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the pituitary gland
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