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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Perspective?
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Who is telling the story?
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what is Interpretation?
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What does the story mean?
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What is Memory?
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How is the story recorded?
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What is importance?
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How valuable or significant is the story?
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What is origin?
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where did it come from? What kind of source?
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What is purpose?
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Why did they write it?
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what is Value?
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Why is it important?
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What is limitations?
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Why is it not the best source? What is missing?
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The six characteristics of humans
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- Stereoscopic color vision
- precision gripping hand - symbolic thought - speech/lanugauge - Culture (?) - HUBL |
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the four Prerequisites for HUBL
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- bowl shaped pelvis
- foramen magnum (big hole) beneith skull - S-shaped spine - Enlarged big toe inline with others |
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four advantages of HUBL
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-frees hand for tool use, carrying hunting
-increased field of vision -walk father with less energy -lower body temperature |
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Lif during Ice Age (4)
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-big game hunting
-first evidence of religion -complex social structure -art |
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Animism
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belief in spirits in nature
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Advantages of domestication (4)
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-more reliable food source
-increased population -sedentary (fixed) home;collective security -renweable animal reasources |
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7 disadvantages of domestication
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-less diverse diet
-increased population -lower life expectancy -sedentary home; easy target -more labor intensive -vunerable to famine -dental problems |
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relationship teosinte- to maiz (4)
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- teosinte- naturally occuring grss
- people take off 90% of the smallest seeds, save 10% of the biggest and plant them -most robust seeds year after year - corn or maiz after many years |
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8 features of civilization
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-cities
-orgonized government -complex religion -job specialization -social classes -arts and achritecture -public works -writing |
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Ardipithecus Ramidus (4)
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- "ground rootman"
-oldest hominid ancestor 5.8 mya - mostly apelike evidence of HUBL |
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Australopithicus afarensis(5)
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-AKA "lucy"
-3.9-3 mya -40% intact skeleton -400-500 cc -sexual dimorphism- 2 body types based on gender |
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Australopithecus aficanus(7)
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-southern ape man from africa
-gracile skeleton (small boned) -3-2.4 mya -425-480 cc -omnivorous -HUBL -No crest |
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Paranthropus Bosiei (6)
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-Robust skeleton
-2.5- 1.2 mya -475-530 cc -herbivorous -HUBL -saggital crest (used for muscle attachment) |
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homo habilis (5)
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-'handy man' or 'toolman'
-earliest member of the genus homo -2.2-1.6 mya -500-700 cc -first to manufacture stone tools |
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Homo Erectus(5)
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-1.8-.25 mya
-750-1250 cc -first to use fire - migrated from africa -hunters |
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Homosapiens Neandertalis(6)
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- 120-35 thousand ya
-1300-1750 cc -compact robust frame -contemporar(lived at same time) with modern humans -language? -religion?? |
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Homosapiens sapiens
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-100 thousand ya to today
-1200-1500 cc -language -advanced tool use -FIRE -african exoduc (from africa) |
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homofloresensis (8)
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-95-12 thousand ya
-380 cc - very advanced stone tool use - 1 meter tall -fire? -navitgation? -language? -still around?? |
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1st stone tools(2)
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-ordinary rocks used to smash things open
-collected bone marrow |
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Oldowan tool tradition
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Oldest manufactured tool tradition
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Acheuluean tool tradition (2)
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-bifaced (sharp on 2 sides)
-obsidian and flint |
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llevois tool tradition
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too complex to explain without language
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the nile river and egypt(5)
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-ancient egypt=the nile river
-alluvial flood plain (soil replenished by river water) -annual floods renwes soil fertility -flood supplemented and controlled by irrigation -need for irrigation leads to social heirarchy-hydrovic theory of civilization |
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Gifts of the Nile (5)
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-fresh water
-farming food -transportation -religion -cultural identity |
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old kingdom (5)
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- egypt unified circa 2500 BC
-ruled by divine kings (pharaohs 'greathouse') -pharoah descended from ruling family (dynasty) - no distinction between religion and politics -period of greatest monumental architecture |
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Middle kingdom(4)
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- egypt reunified circa 2134 BCE
-religion and bureacracy (machinery of government) less traditional; priests more important - food more plentiful and secure - neolithic (newstone) middle kingdom collapses with invasion by bronzeage hyksos |
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new kingdom (5)
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-emerges with the expulsion of the hyksos
-Egypt becomes a major world power -Ramses the second and imperial egypt -egpyt overrun by assyrians and the persians -relative size (art) denotes importance |
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late period (3)
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-gradual decline
-ruled by greeks and romans -loses all independance in 30 BCE |
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kindom of Kush (6)
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-called Nubia by the egpytians
-rich in gold, ivory and slaves -bacam and Egyptian colony - eventually overthrew egypt -ruled egypt for 100 years -restored traditional egyptian religion |
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influences on Egyptian religion(5)
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-developed in isolation
-clear physical boundaries between life and death (niled and desert) -regular flooding of nile and unchanging climate -mummies are natural -lots of time, nochange |
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art in ancient egypt (6)
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-created for the state not the artist
-formal design, no interpretation -emphasis on continuaty-change is bad! -not for 'beauty' or 'decoration' -priority on next life -not for public display |
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the pyramids (4)
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-built through a tax on labor, not by slaves
-pyramid construction links people with their ruler (god) -annual construction during flood season -people became dependant on pharoah for support |
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definitions of :
monotheism- polytheism- earth god- sky god- |
mono-one god and no other
poly-many gods earth-farmers practiced it sky-nomads practiced it |
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Akhenaton (2)
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-wanted to change religion of egypt
-worship one god: Aton |
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Tutankhamen
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-restored egypt's religion
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Hammurabi (4)
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-1790 BCE Hammurabi king of babylon
-to unite empire he published laws(code of hammurabi) first one to write down laws -lex taziones 'law of the tooth' (an eye for an eye) |
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David
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-united tribes into nation of Israel in 1000 BCE
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Solomon
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-son of david and made a splendid capital
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Ideographic communication (6)
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-a symbol represents an idea
-simple to read -universally understood -not language specific -not everyone can draw -unlimited symbols |
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pictographic writing (7)
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-symbol represents words
-more precise than Ideographic communication -language specific -easier to draw -many, many symbols -no longer self-explanitory - no concepts (ex- recent, hope) |
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syllabic writing (6)
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-symbol represents a syllable
-reprsents abstract thought -new words -fewer symbols -many symbols still -amibiguity |
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Alphabetic writing (5)
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-symbol represents a sound
-fewest symbols of all -everyone can learn - whole range of thought posiible -symbols are unrelated |
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Kingdom of israel (9)
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-feuding under David
-Solomon turns jerusalem into splendid capital; builds temples -works paid for thorugh high taxes -taxes, discontent lead to split kingdoms (N-Israel S- Judah) -Israel falls to assyria 722 BCE -population deported, dissapears -Judah falls to babylon 586 BCE -diaspora (scattering) during babylonian exhile -returned to Jerusalem by King Cyrus of Persia |
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Judaism(5)
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-Monotheism- one god, not one of many
-God is omnipotent (allpowerful), Omniscient(allknowing) and Omnipresent (everywhere) -not region specific -governed by law (religious and civil) -god acts through history |
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Uses for mythology (7)
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-explains where we came from
-nature -good stuff -bad stuff -the unexpected -the 'big picture' -what happens when we die |
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summerian creation story (5, 4sublevels)
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- Tiamat(salt-water dragon) mingles with Apsu (fresh water abyss)
- Tiamat-chaos evil -Apsu-goodness -Tiamat and Apsu team up to destory noisy gods/are defeated -earth and sky created from their bodies (*alluvial flood plain *sumer located between tigris and euphrates-fresh-, edged by persian gulf-salt- *threatned by salt water intrudsion *evershifting tigris and euphrates) |
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enlil and the creation of Humans the Myth (5)
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-oldest of the sumerian gods
-a sky god -supervised the gods in digging of the tigris and euphrates -when gods threaten rebellion, Enlil orders man kind to be created -man replaces the gods as diggers |
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Enlil and the creation of Humans Behind the myth (5)
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-Sky gods- nomadic people
-Earth gods- farmers -a precivilized sumerian god -even the gods must dig 0justifieas back0breaking toil of the masses |
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Enlil and the flood the Myth(5)
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-citieas boom and humans become too noisy
-after plague, drought, and famine people wont quiet down -Enlil sends a flood -Enki (god of wisdom) advises a wiseman to build a boat -makind and animals saved |
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Enlil and the flood behind the myth (4)
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-Flood myths are universal (in alluvial flood plains)
-floods periodically torments sumer -Evidence abounds for regional flodding 2900 BCE -an ancient 'perfect storm'? |
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Gilgamesh and Enkidu the myth (5)
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-gilgamesh is the king or Uruk
-Enkidu is the wild man -Uruk begs gilgamesh for help -gilgamesh sends priestess to tame him -enkidu becomes civilized and befriends gilgamesh |
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Gilgamesh and Enkidu behind the Myth
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cities have charms to soothe the savage beast
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Epic of gilgamesh the myth (6)
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-Enkidu is stuck down by gods
-gilgamesh travels on quest to find flood hero, secret to immortality -finds flood hero Ziusudra -Death is necessary -plant of youth stolen by a snake -Enkidu tells him the underworld stinks |
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Akkadian Empire (4)
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-sargon, king of Akkad (not of sumer)
-conquered cities of sumer -established first empire -overcome by drought, famine, raiders |
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Babylonian empire (5)
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-emerges as regional powe under hamurabi
-efficient centralized government and army -base 60 math -precise astronomical observations and predictions -hammurabi's code |
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Assyrian empire (7)
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-iron technology
-iron better than bronze -militarized culture -governance through terror -unified region -the first librarians -subject people unify, revolt |
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Persian empire (5)
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-New babylon emerges from the ashes of Assyria
-Nebuchadnezzar rebuilds, expands babylon - persian under cyrus the great conquer babylon and beyond - persian empire= multiethnic, tolerant -becom enourmously wealthy through money economy |
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Phoenicia(4)
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- traders, sailors and merchants
-carry merchendice , culture throughout mediterranean -founded numerous colonies -Invented the alphabet |
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Homer (4)
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-composed the Illiad and the odyssey ?
-Illiad and odyssey give sthe greeaks collective identity -history without writing told by bards -with rediscovery of writing (from pheonicians) 2 of 10 poems recorded |
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Darius (3)
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-Ionia (greeak and asian minor) invaded 520 BCE
-Ionians revolt (499 BCE)/ Athens sends aid -Darius conquers Ionia again/vows revenge on Athens |
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Xerxes (5)
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-Darius' son
-invades Athens in 480 BCE -huge 250,000 men multinational army combat troops only -greeks divided on whether or not to fight -Xerxes marches on Athens |
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Pericles (5)
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-a general elected to rebuild Athens
-Build strong navy -Imvested in public works -strengthens democracy -arts flourish |
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philip of Macedon (5)
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- on throne 359 BCE
-wanted to conquer city states -formed alliances -338 defeated athens and thebes at the battle of Chaeronea -assasinated at his daughter's wedding |
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Alexander the Great (4)
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- son of Philip of MAcedon and Olympias
-was 20 when he took the throne -won first victory against persians at the granicus riiver -331 took babylon and Dairus the third was assasinated |
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Socrates (3)
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- helped students teach themselves
- Influenced many young Athenians including plato -put on trial for corrupting youth/condemned to death |
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Plato (3)
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-socrates's student
-his 'Republic' describes ideal state -father of western philosophy |
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Herodotus (3)
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-father of history
-father of lies -fisrt systematic effort to examine the human past |
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Geography of ancient greece(5)
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-Harsh rock geography
-little arable (famable) land - ever present sea -divides greek people -water unites greek people |
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Map (6)
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Mycenia - on the middle of the first peninsula that look like fingers
-Macedon in the north -Ionia- on the large peninsula to the east -Crete is the large Island -Sparta- bottom of fisrt peninsula that looks like fingers -Athens- right on tops of the start of the finger like peninsulas |
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The minoans (5)
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- named after legendary king Minos
-crete mediterraneas (middle earth ) trade hub -trade brings technology and writing -influences the earliest greeks -the palace of knossos= minotaurs layrinth? |
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Linear B
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-syllabic writing from ancient Crete
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Miceneans (5)
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-Indo-european invaders
-conquered mainland greece -warrior kings rule from walled city-states -unite greece in the trojan war -dark age appears with collapse of mycenae (1200 BCE) |
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Greek dark ages (6)
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-1200-750 BCE
-Myceneans overrun by dorians -cities abandoned -greek colonists spread through Mediterranean -writing lost -cultural memory preserved by homer |
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Homer's work (2)
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-Illiad and the Odyssey
-gave greeks collective identity |
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Heroic warfare (3)
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-combat by champions
-individual soldiers fight for glory -replete with arete |
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The trojanwar (4)
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-cental legend of greek civilization
-fought by gods and mortals -probibly a real war - ten year siege broken by stratagem (trojan horse) |
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The hoplite (4)
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-moderatly wealthy greek citizen
-paid for own equipment -heavy infantryman armed with spear, sword, shield, helmet and armor -fought for property |
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Hoplite warfare (5)
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- warfare and agriculture
- organized in phalanxes (rows of hoplites) - formation and discipline is key -frist side to break loses -battle is war |
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Hoplite battle (12)
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-location is selected or forced
-opposing lines form -skirmishers fight - paen is raised(invoking Pan(ic)) -Phalanxes march, trot, then smashes -pushing of the shields -gaps open -short swords exploit gaps -discipline/line breaks -retreat! -Judges confirm victory -Heralds record result |
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Direct democracy (5)
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-by citizens (assembly)
-elected officials included generals and magistrates -council of 500 administers decisions made by the assembly -Tyrant appointed in times of crisis -women obsolete |
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City of Athens (4)
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-seaside polis- city-state
-population 140,000 athenians -40,000 citizens (male, native, military) -100,000 slaves |
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Athenian social structure (9)
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-all citizen ae freemen:
*aristocrats(wealthy landowners)-served in cavlary or captained triremes *Farmers (bulk *Thetes (urban craftsmen and trireme rowers) -noncitizens *Metics(people from outside the city)- could not own land or be citizens *slaves- had no legal rights *women- had no legal rights |
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Athenian government (5)
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-direct democracy by citizens (assembly)
-elected officials included generals and magistrates -council of 500 administers decisions made by the assembly -tyrant appointed in times of crisis -women had no role |
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Athenian education (7)
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-Boys:
-taught reading , writing mathematics, music, poetry, sport and gymnastics -attended school from 5-14 -after early education wealthy attended the academy military training 18-20 (citizens only) -Girls -little or no formal education - learned spinning weaving and domestic arts |
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city of sparta (3)
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-land locked on the rocky peloponnesus
-8,000 spatan citizens (spartiates) -100,000 slaves and semi enslaved farmers(helots) |
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Spartan social structure (4)
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- spartiates (homoioi) Military professionals
-perioci('outsiders' made up craftsmen and trading class) -Helots(slaves fo serfs who worked the land)- drawn from populations conquered by sparta -women had few legal rights |
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Spartan government (5)
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-Unique structure- part monarchy (2 kings )/ part oligarchy(by few)/ part republican (USA)/ part aristocracy (upperclass)
-2 kings = 2 generals -all citizens part of assembly -council could be vetoed by assembly -women had no role |
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spartan education Boys (5)
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-first test at birth, if defect then killed
-taken from parents at 7 to begin military training -forced to steal from helots -advanced to higher levels of military at 20 -fully dedicated to state at 30 |
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Spartan Education Girls (3)
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-studied rading, writing, athletics
-object was to create good child bearing women -assigned a husband at 18 |
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Persian invasion of Ionia (3)
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- Greek and Asia minor (Ionia) invaded 520 BCE
-Ionians revolt in 499 BCE and athens sends an aid -Darius conquers Ionia again/vows revenge on athens |
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battle of marathon (7)
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-persian fleet land 25,000 troops just outside of athens
-athens appals to all of greece -10,00 athenian hoplites in defense -6,400 persians killed, 192 athenians killed -the first marathon -persians retreat |
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second persian invasion (4)
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-Xerxes invades in 480 BCE
- huge 250,000 man army -greeks divided on whether or not to fight -Xerxes marches on athens |
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Thermopolae (5)
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-7,000 greeks block a mountain pass
-Xerxes hurls his whole army against halanxes -300 spartans cover greek retreat -treachary beats bravary -Athenians evacuate to salamis |
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Salamis (6)
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-'wooden walls'
-Athens is sacked -Greece rallies behind athens -371 greek vs. 1207 persian triremes -geography overcomes numbers -Xerxes abandones army in Greece |
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Platea (3)
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- platea gropes overland back to Asia
- unified greeks crush remiaing persians at platea -persians never agin threaten greece |
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Peloponnesian war (3)
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-sparta marches on athens 431 BCE and looks for decisive land battle
-athens walls and navy keep it alive -plague strikes athens in 430 BCE |
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Golden age of athens (6)
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-athens is asmoking ruin after persian defeat
-pericles is elected to rebuild athens -builds strong navy -Invests in public works -strengthens democracy -arts fluourish |
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Athenian empire (4)
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-Athen's navy rules the mediterranean
-wealth pours into athens -neighbors follow athens in belian legue -the rest of greece nervouse and jealous of athens |
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Syracuse expedition (5)
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-sparta dominates on land
-athen dominates on sea -after 17 years of war athens sends a force of ships and 5000 troops to syracuse (sicily) -one spartan general defeats them -athen's allies revolt |
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aftermath of peloponnesian war (5)
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-athens loses role as leader of greece
-democracy fades -sparta soon loses role as leader to thebes 0greece remains fragmented -easy prey for macedon |
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Greek Philosophy (4)
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- 'lovers of wisdom'
-explored roles of ethnics and government -observed nature to discover natural laws -do laws govern the universe or gods? |
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Greek art (4)
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-emphasis on phisical beauty and perfection
-statutory mostly natural non dynamic -hellenistic(greek and eastern influence) rich, dynamic -pottery offers best insight into greek worls and world veiw |
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Greek architecture (3)
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-strives to convey order and perfection
-Lintel and post style (doorway) -3 orders of architecture: -doric(simple) -Ionic(slender) -corinthian(elaborate) |
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Golden ratio (4)
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-1:1.618034
-called phi -'naturally' occuring perfection -used extensivly in greek arts |
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greek drama (4)
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-the greek character: apollo vs. Dionysus
-first drama evolved from religious festivals -drew on collective greek myths -all male chorus and actors |
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Aeneas (6)
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-greeks sack troy
- Venus's son Aeneas collects family, gods, survivors and heads west -visits carthage -Lands in Italy -Founds first roman dynasty in Alba Longa - the aeneid written in 19 CE |
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Romulus and Remus (4)
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-Sons of Mars and virgin princess
-kings sets them afloat on the tiber -twins wash ashore, nursed by she wolf, and raised by a shepherd -brother found city where they were abandoned |
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Hanniabal (3)
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- wins second punic war, 3 armies are beat
-completly destroyed in the end -lead army across pyrennes and alps |
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Gracchi Brothers
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-Gariuc and Tiberious attempt reform and are assasinated
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Spartacus
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lead slave revolts
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Julius Caesar (5)
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-patrician
-looks to urban poor for support with money from crassus -caesar and crassus joined by pompey to for the first triumvirate -killed by senators |
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Augustus (6)
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-octavian on trial of assasinators of caesar
-octavain, lopidus, and mark antony for second triumverate -octavian defeats lopidus then antony -take stitle augustus from senate -calls himself princeps (first citizen) |
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Paul
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-paul includes non jews, writes most of the new testament
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Diocletian (3)
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-divided empire into eastern and western halves 284 CE
-Appoints coemporer who appoint a caesar(junior emperor) -keeps better east for himself |
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Constantine (2)
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-contintues reforms from diocletian
-builds new capital in Byzantium called constantinople |
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Theodosius
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-converts empire to christianity which unites them
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Odoacer (3)
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-barbarian general
-Dethroned alst western emperor -put himself on the throne |
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the aeneid (4)
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- the greeks sack troy
-venus's son flees to carthage -founds first roman dynasty -written in 19 CE |
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the first romans (3)
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- Latins:shepherds and farmers around the 7 hills
-Greek: Trader and colonists form greece -Etruscans:Migrated to Italy from asia Minor |
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SPQR
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Senatus populusques Romalus- senate and people of rome
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Roman society (5)
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- Family was the glue of roman society
-father had absolute power -patricians:'fathers' of roman society- rome's upperclass -plebians:ordinary citizen -slaves had no rights |
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Nails in the republican coffin (3)
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-Economic: polarization of wealth leads to...
-Urban poor: restless masses dependant on state leads to... -political armies: soldiers serve a general not the state leads to.... THE EMPIRE |
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Punic wars (7)
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-carthage=pheonician city
-romes vs. carthage -first punic war-mostly on sea rome invents corvus(bridge for boat) -second punic war- hannibal wins, carthage loses romans three armies are beat by hannibal -cannae- romans get 60,000 person army -more people die here in one day than WWI -third punic war- carthage completly destroyed |
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Rich get richer (4)
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-carthage looted
-patricians bring home booty, slaves -patricians states worked by slave labor -lead families compete for power |
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poor get poorer (4)
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-soldier return to find farms desrtoyed
-slave labor takes away job opportunities -sell property to patricians -poo, landless romans mover to rome to form 'prolestariat' |
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caesar the dictator (3)
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-caersar leads legions across the rubicon
-defeats pompey -appointed dictator for tn years then assasinated |
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greek influences (5)
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- romans emphasize practicality
-borrow and improve -rome conquers greece -greek culture conquers rome -religion, philosophy, science, literature, statuary, and architecture are all greek |
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Roman architecture (6)
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-copy greek statuary
-emphasis on realism -architecture -the practical art -buildings are funtional and beautiful -concrete replaces stone -the arch( kept in place by keystone |
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The arch (5)
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-simple arch with keystone
-barrel vault -groin vault -aqueduct -dome |
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roman engineering (5)
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- aqueducts water the cities
- roads unite empire -allow fore easy movement of army -bridges overcome rivers -Hadrian's wall |
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Roman Public Works (4)
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- bread and circuses- free food and entertainment
-gladitorial games -public baths temples and theatres -the insulae (public housing) |
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roman law (5)
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-law rules, not the emperor
- equality under the law -stutory law (written) not common -publicly displayed -the twelve tablets |
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slavery in rome (4)
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-critical to roman economy
-war captives taken as slaves -greek slaves prized as doctors, artists, and craftsmen -other had a harsh, miserable life |
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early roman religion (6)
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-polytheistic
-borrowed from greeks -mars, jupiter chief gods -female gods loose importance -emperors claim descent from gods -generally tolerant of other religions |
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Judaism in the empire (6)
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-highly respected for its antiquity
-exempt from worship of roman gods -feel faith is threatned -zealots revolt in 66BCE -recoltcrushed/teple destroyed -jews scattered (diaspora) |
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Jesus (7)
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-jewish teacher (rabbi)
-taught followers law is not enough -love conquers all -religious and political revolutionary? -Jesus the Khristos 'annointed one' -social revolutionary -tried by local court, executed by romans |
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spread of christianity (6)
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-began as a movement within Judaism
-gospels record life of jesus, mark 1st mathew and luke based on it -paul resonsible for inclusion of nonjews;writes most of new testament -jesus as humanity's savior similar to contemporary religions -promise of eternal life and value of individual appealed to many |
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Roman persecution (6)
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-romans tolerant of nonthreatening religions
-christian refused to worship roman gods (treason) -persecution begins with nero and burning of rome -the games and martyrdom -devout faith encourages new converts -jesus fish as a way of recognition |
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from pagan to christian (8)
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-multinational empire= many many gods
-christian gods is universal -appealed to all social classes -all equal in the eyes of god -christianity gradually wins converts -constantine converts, legalizes it -theodosius converts empire -roman church becomes catholic(universal) chruch |
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Christianity outside of rome (6)
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-what is the nature of jesus?
-Jeswish christianity (jesus as messiah) -arian christianity (jesus as man) -mestorian christianity(mary mother of christ, he is not son of god) -coptic christianity (jesus as man and god) -gnostic chritianity(jesus as an illusion) |
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The empire in 280 CE (6)
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-western half:
*declining agricultural productivity *heavy barbarian incursions *the 'ulcer' city of rome - the eastern half *wealthy 'gateway' for trade from the east *less open to invasion *more homogenous legions |
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Barbarian threats to rome (4)
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-ostrogoths (eastern goths) settle in the east, absorbed by the huns
-Visigoths (western goths) migrate and settle in the east and west vandals settle in spain and north africa -huns are engine for barbarian invasion |
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the fall: military causes (4)
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- frontiers settled by retired soldiers
-barbarians migrate and man the legions -fewer romans in the roman army -by 476 the west almost entirely barbarian |
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the fall: economic causes (4)
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-taxes increase, revenue decreases
-decreased agricultural activity -climate change? -imperial over reach and static frontiers |
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The fall: political causes (3)
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-political instability leads to civil wars
-emperors spend (waste) money on soldiers and proletariat (poor) 0east and west increasingly independant |
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the fall: social causes (5)
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-barbarians replace citizens
-mercenaries replace citizen soldiers -civic virtues, patriotism evaporates -depravity -fat, dumb, and happy |
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End of the western roman empire (4)
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-falls in 476 CE ***
-odoacer desposes of romulus augustus and names himself king -ancient history ends -eastern empire (byzantine) endre for a millenium |