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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Black Death
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bubonic plague, sweeps through Europe in the 14th century, causes internal bleeding and black spots
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bring out your dead
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Wat Tyler's rebellion
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an uprising of English peasants led by Wat Tyler, asking fundamentally if it is OK to have classes
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peasant
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jaqueries
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uprising of French peasants, also known as Jaques
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Jaques is the French nickname for the peasantry
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Hundred Year's War
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Actually 116 years, this was a war between France and England in 1337. England claimed much of the land that was held by the French. Joan of Arc was a great French military leader, but the French didn't stand a chance against the English longbows
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Joan of Arc
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Boniface VIII
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Pope who issued the papal bull "Unam Sanctum" angered the French King Philip the Fair, arrested
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Pope High and Mighty
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Unam Sanctum
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Papal bull issued by Boniface VIII stating that the church was untaxable, that only Catholics could be "saved," and that the Pope had the right to judge every person
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Pope High and Mighty
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Babylonian Captivity
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The papacy is moved to Avignon in France to serve the French king
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Avignon
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The Great Schism
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Two popes are elected, one in Avignon and one in Rome, causing insecurity in the church
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Bipapal
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annates
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the entire first year's salary of every new bishop/abbot goes to the pope
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annual
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Council of Pisa
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tries to depose other pope and elect a new one, but now there's a third pope
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tripapal
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Council of Constance
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goals: end schism (Martin V elected), remove heresy (John Huss burned), reform church (not much done here)
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elections, burning, and change
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Lollards
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followers of William Longland, author of Piers Plowman written against the upper class
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anti-upper class
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John Wyclif
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Oxford teacher, doubts need for established church for salvation
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anti-structural
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John Huss
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agrres with Wyclif, starts German Hussites
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Hussites
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Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
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the Gallican (French) church is given greater liberty from Rome, no annates, chooses bishops
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Gallican liberties
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Simony
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sale of church offices
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ya wanna buy a bishop?
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Nepotism
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favoring of family
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well he is my brother...
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indulgences
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money paid to the church to speed the passage of souls through Purgatory
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purchasing salvation
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Renaissance popes
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not quite so religious anymore, scholars, enjoy society, military, artistic
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secularization
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Renaissance
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rebirth
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if you can't describe this in one word, you should switch classes
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quattrocentro
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15th century (1400s)
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centro like hundred
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city-states
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independent, self-governed towns of Italy
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more than a city, less than a state
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Florence
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center of the Italian Renaissance
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think Da Vinci, Michelangelo, etc.
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Medici
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wealthy banking family that controls Florence and patronizes the arts
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family owned city
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virtu
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manliness, success
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be a man
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condotierre
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leaders of private armies hired to defend the city-states
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rent-an-army
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Petrarch
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writer, humanist, writes outside of religion
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humane letters
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Leonardo Da Vinci
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painter, Last Supper, Mona Lisa, paints real people in the world of religion
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please just know this
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Raphael
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painter, Madonnas (young women)
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artist
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Michelangelo
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painter, sculptor, David, Pieta, Sistine Chapel
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jack of all trades
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Humane letters
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secular writing
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who needs religion?
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Boccaccio
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writes Decamaron about human behavior
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writer
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Bruni
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writes history of Florence, past is important but seperate from present and future, also the chancellor of Florence
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governor and writer
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Castiglione
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writes The Courtier on good manners and behavior
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P's and Q's
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Christine de Pisan
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woman humanist wirter
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not a girly girl
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Popolo grosso
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the wealthy upper class of Italy, including merchants and manufacturers
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fat people
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Mediocri
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middle class, artisans, small merchants
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mediocre
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Popolo minuti
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urban population, the poor
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little people
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Tuscan
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the language of Florence, now Italian
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Tuscany is a city-state near Florence
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Grandi
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the governing class, wealthy merchants
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grand
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Signoria
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elected council of Florence to propose laws and manage foreign affairs
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council
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Pazzi consipiracy
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assassination attempt onf Lorenzo the Magnificent de Medici during a mass
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killer
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Council of Seventy
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creates committees to manage internal affairs, run by Medici
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government
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"pagan" humanism
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secular humanists movement
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pagan means without religion
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Regiomontanus
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part of the Northern renaissance, declares the universe to be governed by math
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math
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Copernicus
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declared heliocentric (sun-center) theory of universe
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heliocentric
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Meister Eckhart
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mystic in the North
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mystic
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Thomas a Kempis
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mystic in the North, writes Imitation of Christ
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mystic writer
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Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life
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participants in lay religion, not clerics but lead a holy life
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common sisters and brothers
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Erasmus
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humanist of the north, writes on leading a holy life without stupidity or violence
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northern writer
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Praise of Folly
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book by Erasmus satirizing worldy ambition
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its all in the title
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Handbook of a Christian Knight
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shows how to be both secular and religious
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again, in the title
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mysticism
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direct commune with God without the church
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religion w/o church
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lay religion
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people follow God fully without joining the church
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common religion
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Erasmian virtues
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Erasmus's values of mildness, reasonableness, tolerance, restraint, manners, scholarship, peace, reform through thinking
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modern Christian values
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common law
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traditional rights of the feudal system
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tradition!
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Tudors
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new monarchy of england
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Tudor dynasty
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Henry VII
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conquers the land and reduces the powers of the nobles
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1st Tudor
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Star Chamber
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the judgement room of Henry VII
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law court of the king
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livery and maintenance
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the practice of nobles to maintaina a private army, abolished by Henry VII
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noble's defense
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Louis XI
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new monarch of France, of the Volois line, expands French border, raises taxes w/o parliament
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French king
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Francis I
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king of France, creates Concordat of Bologna
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another French king
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Concordat of Bologna
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agreement between France and Rome to remove the Pragmatic Sanction so that the pope still recieves annates and the French king still chooses bishops
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anti-Pragmatic
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Aragon and Castille
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two major kingdoms of Spain
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Spanish
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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monarchs of Aragon and Castille, respectively, who marry to unite Spain
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marriage of unity
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Inquisition
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Spanish Inquisition, requires religious conformity, uses torture
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Nobody expects the Spanish Inquisition!
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Conquest of Granada
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Spanish conquer southern province of Granada, previously held by Moores
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southern area
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Moriscos and Marranos
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Christians of Muslim and Jewish descent, respectively, whom many are suspicious of
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converts?
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Habsburgs
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elected leaders of the HRE, eventually own much of Europe and America
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big family
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Maximilian I
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Habsburg emperor, tries to centralize HRE admin, marries heiress of Burgundy to inherit Burgundy and Netherlands to son Philip, who marries Joanna of Spain to inherit Spanish holdings
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Habsburg territorial expansion
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Charles V
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son of Philip and Joanna, owns Spanish holdings, Austria, Burgundy, Netherlands, brother Ferdinand owns Hungary and Bohemia
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huge tracts of land
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Wars of the Roses
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wars betweens English barons that weaken the noblility, to the benefit of the king
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noble war
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imperial knights
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land owners of the HRE, loyal only to emperor
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HRE knights
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Martin Luther
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a monk who believed that a person's spirituality is justified by faith, rather than faith and works. He appealed to the pope, was excommunicated, and founded Luteranism
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lutheran
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Lutheranism
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No purgatory, only recognizes two sacraments (baptism and communion), refutes transubstantiation for consubstantiation, believes state should govern religion
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Luther
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justification by faith
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belief is primary, while doing things to demonstrate belief are secondary
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instead of faith and works
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Tetzel
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traveling friar who sold indulgences and enraged Luther
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indulgences
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95 theses
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Luther's ideas posted on the Wittenberg church door
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Luther
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Charles V and Luther
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Charles apprehends Luther and bans him from the empire
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Charles is the HOLY ROMAN Emperor
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Diet of Worms
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assembly in Worms that banned Luther from preaching in the Empire after a papal bull excommunicating him
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Worms is a city
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1524 peasant revolt
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inspired by religious reforms, peasants revolt and demand regulation of rent and security of rights. Despite inspiration by Luther, Luther himself rejects them
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religious unrest
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Anabaptists
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radical religious leaders saying that the world needs more love, or that infants shouldn't be baptized or that polygamy is alright. John of Leyden takes over Munster
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religious revolt
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Cuius regio eius religion
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his the region his the religion, the decision of the HRE to allow the leader of each territory to choose the area religion
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his the_______, his the ________
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Schmalkaldic War
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Lutheran princes gather in League of Schmalkald to rebel for rights against the HRE, helped by the French
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war of religion
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Peace of Augsburg
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ends Schmalkaldic war, allows leaders of territories to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism, but says that any leader that changes religion has to move themselves
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ends war of religion
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Ecclesiastical reservation
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part of the Peace of Augsburg, saying that if the leader of an HRE territory should change religion, they must move to a territory supporting them, rather than changing their territory
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limit of choosing religion
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John Calvin
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Lawyer who joined forces with other Protestants to form Calvinism
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Calvinism
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Calvinism
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the religion founded by John Calvin, holding that there is nothing divine about the Eucharist, promoting predestination, and wanting to govern itself
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John Calvin
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Institutes of the Christian Religion
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book written by John Calvin addressing the world, providing those dissatisfied with the Roman Catholic church but living in a Catholic community a way to practice their own religion quietly
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John Calvin
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Predestination
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God has predetermined those to be saved, and they will be perfect
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John Calvin
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Presbyteries
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the "governments" or small councils created to lead Calvinist communities, made up of elected ministers and lay religious
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Calvin's Geneva
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Geneva
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the area of Switzerland where John Calvin set up his religious community to live up to his exacting standards of morality and pious life
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Calvinist
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Michael Servetus
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Spanish refugee to Geneva burned for denial of holy trinity
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Protestant even to Calvinism
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Huguenots
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French Calvinists
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Calvinism
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John Knox
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brings Calvinism to Scotland in the form of Presbyterianism
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Calvinism
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1534 Act of Supremacy
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Henry VIII declares himself the sole leader of the Church of England in rebellion to the pope who wouldn't annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
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Henry VIII
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Six Articles (1539)
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requires English belief in several Catholic ideas including transubsantiation, the celibacy of the clergy, and the need for confession
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Henry VIII
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Church of England/Anglicanism
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Protestant church led by the English monarch, using the English rather than Latin language, refusing the cult of saints, and allowing the clergy to marry
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protestant church in England
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Thirty-nine articles (1563)
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evasive articles written by bishops under Elizabeth that made the Anglican church generally protestant
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Elizabeth
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Church of Ireland
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a replica of the Church of England established in Ireland
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protestant church in Ireland
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Edward VI
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son of Henry VIII who was manipulated into making the Church of England more Protestant
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successor to Henry VIII
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Mary Tudor
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Bloody Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, angry at the Protestant church for the removal of her mother, tries to re-Catholicize England by mass executions, marries PHilip of Spain, just makes Catholicism unpopular
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successor to Edward VI
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Elizabeth I
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daughter of Hanry VIII by Anne Boleyn, can't be Catholic, doesn't really care about religion but allows the church to become protestant
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successor to Bloody Mary
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episcopal movement
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a movement of bishops who wanted to establish a council greater than the authority of the pope
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conciliar
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Vulgate
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translation of the Bible by St. Jerome accepted by the Catholic church as the true translation
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Bible
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Council of Trent
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a council established to correct abuses of the Catholic church, sometimes known interchangeably as the Catholic/Counter Reformation
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abuses
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pluralism
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the practice of clergy holding several offices in the church, abolished
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plural=multiple
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Paul III
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the first of the reforming popes, regarding the papacy to be a moral force rather than a status
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reform
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St. Vincent de Paul
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works for the poor in Paris
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outreach
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Jesuits
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society of Jesus, establishes schools, missions, characterized by extreme faith in the church, become involved politically, ultramontanistic
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society of Jesus
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Ursulines
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religious order for women
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women
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St. Ignatius Loyola
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establishes Jesuits
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religious order
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Spiritual Exercises
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book written by Loyola outlining the sever mystical training that a Jesuit must undergo
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Loyola
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ultramontanism
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placing the pope above all others, proclaiming him infallible
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papal
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Papal Index of Prohibited Books
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List of books considered by the papacy to be dangerous to the religous health of Catholics
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book burning (kinda)
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Roman/Papal Inuqisition
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attempts to root out heresy, never operates too severely outside of Rome
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like the Spanish one
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Wars of Religion
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wars fought between Protestants and Catholics for territorial control
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Vasco De Gama
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Portuguese sailor who rounded the tip of Africa in 1498; sets up Portuguese commerce by force
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Albuquerque
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first governor general of the Portuguese Empire in the Indian Ocean
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St. Francis Xavier
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Jesuit missoinary baptizes thousands in India, Indonesia, and Japan
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Magellan
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circumnavigates the globe by going south of South America; dies on journey
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Treaty of 1494
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Treaty of Tordesillas; divides the globe between Spain and Portugal; line down the Atlantic gives Spain South America and Portugal Asia
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Conquistadores
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Spanish conquerers
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Encomienda
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a system of forced Native American work where the natives worked a certain number of days of the week and keep a patch of land for themselves
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Black Legend
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stories of the awful treatment of natives and Africans in the Spanish Empire; based on a book by Bartolome de las Casas
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Potosi
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a silver mine in Peru; very lucrative
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Mestizos
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people of mixed European and Indian background
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University of Lima
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the university in the Peruvian capital; one of 5 in the Spanish empire
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Capital
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money and raw materials for the creation of goods
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Entrepreneur
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a person who starts a business
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"price revolution"
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a steady inflation of European currency, which decreased in value; caused by influx of precious metal, increased population, and kings debasing currency
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