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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Democracy in America-
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Alexis de Tocqueville’s 1835 book on the early American republic
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Social classes-
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Idea that society is unfairly divided into classes with different opportunities
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Industrial Revolution-
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Revolution in manufacturing which greatly increased industrial output. It first occurred in England
in the late 1700s and spread to America. |
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Market Revolution-
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Revolution in consumption of manufactured goods fueled in America by rising wages and improved transportation which got items to “market” quickly and cheaply thus lowering prices
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“ten footers”-
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Traditional New England shoe making shacks
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Division of Labor-
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Idea that production of an item is divided between many who perform specific tasks rather than having an artisan make the entire item
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Entrepreneur-
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One who risks his/her own capital (i.e. money) to make a profit
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Factory-
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A manufacturing facility where all aspects of production are performed on a division of labor basis
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Assembly lines-
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The order of tasks in a factory to produce an item using a division of labor
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Samuel Slater-
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American textile (i.e. cloth) manufacturer who stole his ideas from British inventor Arkwright
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Francis Cabot Lowell-
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American entrepreneur who stole ideas about textile manufacturing while visiting British textile mills. His Boston Manufacturing Co. in Waltham ,MA was the most efficient textile mill in the world to date (1814).
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“Waltham Plan”-
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Lowell’s idea to save on labor costs by hiring farm girls and unmarried women to work in mills by offering room and board and enforcing strict moral codes
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tariff-
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A tax on imports often put on imported British cloth to protect American textile manufacturers
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Richard Garsed-
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American inventor who doubled the speed of power looms in his father’s textile mill in 1837
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Sellers family-
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American inventors whose Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, PA trained a new generation of businessmen and inventors
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Machine tools-
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Machines for making other machines
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Mechanics-
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Skilled workers who used machine tools to factories
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Samuel W. Collins-
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American inventor whose Connecticut ax-making co. greatly increased production of axes
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Tredgar Iron Works-
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VA co. that made Richmond a regional manufacturing center
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Eli Whitney-
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American inventor of the Cotton Gin and interchangeable parts for gun manufacturing
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Journeymen-
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Workers (usually at least semi-skilled) whose livelihoods were threatened by industrialization
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Mechanics’ Union of Trade Associations-
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Founded in Philadelphia in 1827 to help workingmen get better wages and more political clout
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Working Men’s Party-
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Founded in Philadelphia in 1828 to help workingmen. It called for the abolition of banks and universal public education
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Wage-earners-
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Workers (usually non-skilled) who worked for others for a set rate
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Mutual Benefit Society-
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Shoemakers organization founded in MA in 1830 to push for better wages and working conditions
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Labor Theory of Value-
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Idea that the price of an item should be based on the labor required to make it—not on the price people were willing to pay for it
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Aristocracy of capital-
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Idea that much wealth was handed down form generation to generation creating a permanent class of wealthy and a permanent class of poor.
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Panic of 1857-
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An economic downturn sparked by excess railroad investments
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Turnpikes-
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Roads often constructed by private firms for profit which charged a toll
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The National Road-
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Turnpike from MD to IL completed in 1839
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Erie Canal-
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364 mile publicly-funded canal from Buffalo to Albany NY completed in 1825. It linked the Midwest to the East and was so successful it sparked a canal-building boom
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Robert Fulton-
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American inventor of the steamboat Clermont in 1807 on the Hudson River. Steamboats make canals and river systems much more efficient in terms of transporting goods
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Post-Office Act of 1792-
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Created a national postal service
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Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)-
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Marshall Supreme Court ruling that gave federal gov’t the right to regulate interstate commerce
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John Deere-
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American steel plow manufacturer
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Commercial hubs-
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Urban along important transportation lines that grew as commerce expanded
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Business elite-
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The wealthiest merchants, manufacturers, bankers, and landlords
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The Social Spectrum-
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The economic ranks from poor to middle class to wealthy
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Middle Class-
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A class of earners between the wealthy and poor which grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution
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The “self-made man”-
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Idea that through hard work anyone in America could succeed
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Urban poor-
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Poor people in cities who were often unskilled and unemployed
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Benevolent Empire-
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A collection of organizations dedicated to helping the less fortunate during the Industrial Revolution by institutionalizing charity
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Lyman Beecher-
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Leading Presbyterian preacher who promoted the Benevolent Empire and founded the General Union for Promoting the Observance of the Christian Sabbath
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Isabella Graham-
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Founder of Benevolent Empire organization Society for the Relief of Poor Widows with Small Children in NY
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Charles Grandison Finney-
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Second Great Awakening preacher who taught that people could choose to be saved by behaving properly which appealed to the middle class which had chosen to succeed materially
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Arthur and Lewis Tappan-
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Wealthy silk merchants and supporters of the benevolent Empire in NY City who founded The Christian Evangelist magazine to promote Finney’s ideas
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American Temperance Society-
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A Benevolent Empire movement to curtail drinking
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Nativism-
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Anti-Catholic, anti-Irish movement of the 1830s which established Native American Clubs which called for limits on immigration, and laws protecting native-born Americans
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Samuel F.B. Morse-
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Telegraph inventor and Nativist whose book Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States in 1834 warned of a Catholic threat to American republicanism
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