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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hegemony-
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Dominance
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Sphere of Influence-
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Area recognized by other nations as primarily the interest of one particular nation (e.g Eastern Europe was regarded after WWII as within the Soviet Union’s sphere of influence)
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Molotov-
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Soviet foreign minister during and after the war
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Potsdam Conference-
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July 1945 meeting between Truman, Stalin & Atlee (new Brit PM) where it was decided that Germany would be occupied by Brit, Fr, US & USSR temporarily
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Baruch Plan-
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1946 US plan to keep the US the only nuclear power. It was rejected by Stalin’s USSR.
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Containment-
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1946 US policy (articulated by Kennan in his “long telegram”) of preventing the USSR from spreading communism beyond where it already existed. It was first tested in Greece & Turkey in 1947 where Soviet-backed communists were trying to take over so Pres Truman sent $400 mil in aid to anti-communists
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Domino Theory-
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Eisenhower’s term for how countries might begin falling to communism if not stopped
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Marshall Plan-
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1948-1952 US sec of state Marshall’s successful plan of rebuilding Western Europe with US money ($13 bil) to keep it from falling to communists
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Berlin Airlift-
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1948-49. USSR blocks access to western zone in Berlin via roads & rail (to get west out of city) but US supplies city by air & Stalin gave in. It was a major victory in the Cold War for the West & turned Berlin into the symbol of the Cold War.
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NATO-
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Western alliance system v. communism started in 1949.
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COMECON-
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Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. 1949 Soviet sponsored organization in response to NATO.
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NSC-
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National Security Council. US agency established in 1947 to set defense and military priorities.
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NSC-68-
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1950 NSC report that suggested the US dramatically increase defense spending to deal with the Soviet threat
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General MacArthur-
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US general in charge if occupied Japan from 1945-1951
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Mao Zedong-
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Chinese communist leader whose forces took over China in 1949 turning it into a communist nation
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Zhou Enlai-
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aka Chou En-lai. Communist leader with Mao.
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Jiang Jieshi-
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aka Chiang Kai-shek. Leader of the non-communist Nationalists forces in China who lost to Mao’s communists in 1949 after US withdrew financial aid. The nationalists fled to the island of Formosa and established the non-communist nation of Taiwan while the communists established the People’s Republic of China on the mainland
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China Lobby-
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US anti-communist group led by publisher Luce & Rep senators Mundt & Knowland who accused Truman’s sec of state Acheson of losing China to the communists & insisted that the US should not recognize communist China as a legitimate nation
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Acheson-
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Truman’s sec of state whom the China Lobby accused of losing China
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Red China-
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Term used by China Lobby for People’s Republic of China
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38th parallel-
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Line of latitude that divided Korea into communist N & non-communist S
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Kim Il Sung-
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Communist leader of N Korea
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Syngman Rhee-
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Non-Communist leader of S Korea
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Korean War-
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1950-1953. Communist N invades non-communist S. US sends troops to help S & nearly push communists out of N entirely (and perhaps reuniting Korea as a non-communist nation) but then Red China sends 300,000 troops & drive US/S Korean forces back below the 38th parallel where the nations were officially divided by 1953 treaty. The war underscored the need to deal with communist aggression anywhere & Asia became a major theater of conflict
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Police Action-
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Term used to describe Korean War since it began as United Nation action v. communist aggression and aimed only to reestablish peace with a UN “peace-keeping force”
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Yalu River-
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N border between N Korea & China. It was across the Yalu River that the Chinese had invaded Korea. MacArthur openly suggested that the US “bomb the Yalu” (i.e. use nukes on China) & was fired by Truman
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Election of 1952-
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Repub Eisenhower & VP Nixon defeat Dem Stevenson. (Truman chose not to run due to the unpopularity of the Korean War which had been dubbed “Truman’s War”)
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New Look-
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Eisenhower’s foreign policy of building up nuclear weapons as a cheaper way of dealing with Soviet/communist aggression
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Massive Retaliation-
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Eisenhower policy of guaranteeing peace by the threat of a huge nuclear response to Soviet/communist aggression
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Dulles-
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Eisenhower’s Sec of State
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ICBMs-
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Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles. Nuclear weapons deployed by both the Us & USSR which were capable of hitting targets thousands of miles away
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SEATO-
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Southeast Asia Treaty Organization created by Sec of state Dulles in 1954
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Covert Interventions-
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Secret attempts to undermine anti-US, pro-communist governments
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CIA-
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Central Intelligence Agency. Created to launch covert interventions. It helped put the Shah of Iran on the throne in 1953 & oust Guzman in Guatemala in 1954
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Zionism-
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Jewish nationalism which had helped to establish a Jewish state in Israel (aka Palestine) in 1948. This began a struggle between Arab Muslims and Jewish settlers who both claim this area.
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Nasser-
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Pan-Arab Egyptian leader after 1954
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Suez Crisis-
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Nasser accepts Soviet help to build the Aswan Dam on the Nile & nationalizes the Suez Canal in 1956. Brit & France (which had controlled the canal) invade & take it back but the US asks them to give it up
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Eisenhower Doctrine-
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Post-Suez Canal policy that asserted the US would help any nation v. armed communist aggression
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Employment Act-
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1946 law to achieve full employment by using Keynesian deficit spending to spur & control growth
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Taft-Hartley Act-
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1947 republican-sponsored law passed over Truman veto that rolled back 1935 National Labor Relations Act & allowed “right-to-work” laws that limited unions’ operations
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Election of 1948-
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Truman in his Fair Deal/“Give ‘em hell, Harry” campaign defeats Repub Dewey in a close election that included a Progressive Party led by ex-FDR VP Wallace & a States’ Rights Party (aka Dixiecrats) led by SC gov Strom Thurmond
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Fair Deal-
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Truman’s extension of FDR’s New Deal which emphasized social & economic equality, little of which was passed
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Socialized Medicine-
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A major but never achieved part of Truman’s Fair Deal which called for the federal government, not private industry, to provide health care for Americans
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Senator McCarthy-
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WI senator whose anti-communism helped to create a Red Scare after WWII but whose aggressive style (especially in the televised Army/McCarthy hearings in 1954) eventually led to his censure
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HUAC-
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House Committee on Un-American Activities. Formed in 1938 to root out fascist & communist influence in unions & New Deal agencies it helped spark the “Great Fear” in 1947 when it looked into communist influence in the movie industry
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Blacklist-
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People who were accused of communist sympathies & were therefore not to be hired by anyone
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Fellow Travelers-
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Term for communist sympathizers
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Alger Hiss-
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Former New Deal & state Dept official (who’d been at Yalta with FDR) who HUAC (with the help of ex-communist journalist Whittaker Chambers) discovered was a communist and had passed on classified documents to the USSR
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Richard Nixon-
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CA republican representative, then senator whose work on HUAC made him a major anti-communist hero
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Rosenbergs-
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Husband & wife communist spies convicted of espionage & executed in 1953 whose trial was a sensation
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I Like Ike-
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1952 Eisenhower election slogan
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K1C2-
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Eisenhower’s Korea, Communism & Corruption campaign tactic in 1952
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Hidden Hand Presidency-
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Eisenhower’s style as President of appearing to be above politics while actually being deeply involved in it
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Sputnik-
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Soviet satellite launched in 1957 which made many worry that the USSR was beating the US in the “space race”
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NASA-
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration founded in 1958 to compete with Sputnik
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Election of 1954-
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Democrats take over congress
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HEW-
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Dept of Health, Education & Welfare established in 1953
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Interstate Highway Act-
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1956 law to build the interstate highway system (and largest public works program in US history)
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NAACP-
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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National Civil Rights Commission-
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1946 Truman agency to promote civil rights
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Shelly v. Kraemer-
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1948 Supreme Court decision striking down racial covenants in housing developments
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Desegregating the Troops-
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Truman’s decision to desegregate armed forces in 1948
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Brown v. Board of Education Of Topeka-
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1954 Supreme Court decision striking down the 1896 pro-segregation “separate but equal” Plessy v Ferguson decision
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Orval Faubus-
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AK gov who refused to integrate Little Rock’s Central High School in 1957 & Eisenhower called in federal troops
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Rosa Parks-
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Black woman who refused to sit in the back of a bus prompting a bus boycott in Montgomery, AL in 1955
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Martin Luther King-
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Black minister who led the Montgomery boycott
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference-
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aka SCLC. Founded in 1957 by King & Reverend Ralph Abernathy to promote civil rights
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SANE-
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National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy. Anti-nuke organization
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MAD-
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Mutually Assured Destruction. Policy justifying nuclear proliferation by asserting neither side would launch an attack if it meant both would perish in a nuclear holocaust
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U2 Incident-
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1960 controversy in which US spy plane shot down while spying on USSR. Initially Eisenhower denies it but pilot
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Military-Industrial Complex-
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Eisenhower’s term for the combined power of military and industry which might work together to promote arms building for its own benefit thereby draining much US energy & resources
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