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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Common chemical groups
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C-O Bond: Alcohol, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid, ehter, acid anhydride.
C-S: Suflhydryl, disulfide. C-N: amino, quaternary amine Ester and amides: ester, thioester, phosester, amide |
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Five common reactions
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condensation, redox, cleavage, rearrangement, group transfer
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enantiomer
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sterioisomers that ar emirror images of each other
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diastereomers
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isomers that have opposite configurations at one or more chiral center but are not mirror images of each other.
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epimers
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molecules that differ at only one chiral carbon.
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essential amino acids
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leucine, isoleucine, lysine, valine, phenylalanin, tryptophan, threonine, methionine, histidine, arginine
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hydrogen bonds
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electronegative forces from atom such as oxygen to electopositive forces of hydrogen.
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ionic bonds
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bonds between formal negative and formal pos charged atoms.
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van der waals
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induced electopositive force produced on one atom as it approaches another atom
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hydrophobic interactions
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force producee when nonsoluble molecules are in polar solutions. water has reduced entropy when it can surround large molecules rather than smaller molecules.
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cyclic form of aldose
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pyranose (5 carbons)
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cyclic form of ketose
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furanose (4 carbons)
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glycosaminoglycans
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long chain of repeating amino sugar dissacharides. Lots of negative.
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what is not able to be a reducing sugar ever?
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ketose
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amino acid without a chiral carbon
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glycine
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essential amino acids
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histidine, methionine, threonine, phenolalanine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, valine, arganine, tryptophans
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important amino acids not found in proteins
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creatine, carnitine, taurine, etc..
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when pH>pKa
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will deprotonate
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pH<pKa
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protonates
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four weak forces
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hydrogen bonds, ionic, hydrophobic, van der waals
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α H chain
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IgA: first line of defense. In saliva, tear ducts, etc..
-all are based on C region of H chains |
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γ H chain
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IgG: Passed mother to child. Found in blood.
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μ H chain
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IgM: first antibody to appear in an immune response
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ε H chain
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IgE: mediates allergic reactions
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Collagen
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three collagen proteins form triple helix (proline, 4-hydroxyproline, lysine). Stabilized with H-bonds
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fibrils
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ordered arrays of collagen triple helices. Stabilized by covalent bonding. Crosslinks b/w them dependent on Vitamin C
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ligase
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join molecules with condensation
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lyases
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split molecules with water byproduct.
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serine proteases
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splits protein in to smaller polypeptides. Specificity determined by binding pocket. ex: chymotrypsin and trypsin
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michaelis-menton equation
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V=Vmax[S]/Km+[S], Km is inversely proportional to affinity.
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hexokinase and glucokinase
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hexo: found in most cells, gluco: found only in liver
glucose low in most cells, high in liver, therefore hexo has high affinity and gluco does not |
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lineweaver-burke
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1/V= Km/Vmax(1/[S])+ 1/Vmax
X int: -1/Km |
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types of cofactors
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coenzymes and essential ions
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types of essential ions
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activator ions (loose) and metal ions of metalloenzymes(tight)
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types of coenzymes
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cosubstrates(loose) and prosthetic groups(tight)
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niacin is vitamin source for what?
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NAD and coenzyme A-oxidation/reduction and transfer of acyl groups
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Riboflavin B2 is source for what?
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FAD and FMN-oxidation reduction
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Vitamin B1 for what?
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TPP-transfer of two carbon fragments contain carboxyl group (used in synthesis of acetylcholine)
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nicotinamide coenzymes
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used in reactions involving hydride ion
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NAD+/NADH
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acts like a true cosubstrate: binds like substrate and exits like product
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biotin
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very important for metabolism. used as is
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Vitamin B6
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PLP-carries out reactions with amino acids
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lipoamide
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formed from lipoic acid. similar to coenzyme a-acyl group carrier. also has redox properties
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lipid soluble vitamins
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A,K,D,E
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Heme
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Example of prosthetic group. Also biotin and lipoamide.
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four types of lipids
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fatty acids,and isoprenoids (steroids, lipid vitamins and terpenes)
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two of the four types of fatty acids we studied
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sphingolipids and triacylglycerides
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types of sphingolipids
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ceremides-> sphingomyelins, cerebrosides
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Saturated fatty acids, carbons 12,14,16,18,20
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lauric acid, myeristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid
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unsaturated fatty acids, 20 carbonds
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arachidonic acid, has four double bonds-key fatty acid in signaling and synthesis of key biomolecules-made from linoleic or linolic acid b/c can't be made de novo.
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triacylglycerols
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very hydrophobic. Storage mechanism for fatty acids. fatty acids cleaved by lipases.
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glycerophospholipds
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similar to triacylglycerols except third carbon has phosphate moiety.
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glycerophospholipid head groups (5)
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phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylserines, phosphatidylcholines,phosphatidylinositols, and other phosphatidylglycerol
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cerebroside, gangliosides
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sphingolipids with single sugar or polysacharide attached.
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what controls ABO bloodtyping?
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glycolipids and glycoproteins
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what is the glycocalyx
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network of glycoproteins and proteoglycans that extend outward from the cell.
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mammalian cells that have glycocalyx
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platelets, endothelial cells, sperm, fertilized ovum, and cancer cells
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what are glycosaminoglycans
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mixed monosaccharides with repeating disaccharide units. one of the mono. is always an amino sugar.
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four classes of GAGs
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hyaluronic acid, condroitin sulfates, heparin, keratin sulfates
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what is a proteoglycan
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GAG attached to a protein core. bottle brush structure. lots of neg charge leads to long structure.
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what residue is involved in n-linked glycoprotein
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asparagine
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which residues are in o-linked glycoproteins
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serine, threonine and hydroxylysine
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vant hoff's law
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pi=CRT (osmotic pressure directly prop. to concentration of osmotically active particles)
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osmolality
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osmoles/kg
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osmolarity
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osmoles/liter
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primary components of serum osmolarity
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glucose, Na, HCO3-, Cl and urea
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