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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Interleaving
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Alternate the practice of two subjects
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Limitless Repicative Potential: Max # of divisions is |
~60-70
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Limitless Repicative Potential is due to
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telomere shortening
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Limitless Repicative Potential:
Short telomeres are recognized as what happens? |
As dsDNA breaks leading to senescence
mediated by RB and p53 |
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Limitless Repicative Potential:
If RB and p53 are inactivated, what happens? |
the ends of two chromosomes get connected in a last ditch effort at repair → leads to
dicentric (2 centromeres) chromosomes |
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Limitless Repicative Potential:
Telomerase is usually only present in _____ _____, which maintains ______ ______ |
-stem cells
-telomere length |
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Limitless Repicative Potential:
Telomerase can be reactivated to maintain ____ ____ in ______ cells. |
-telomere length
-cancer |
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Limitless Repicative Potential:
_____ _____ leads to telomere shortening |
Constant Proliferation
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Limitless Repicative Potential:
Telomere shortening leads to bridge-fusion-breakage cycle when |
p53 is absent
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Limitless Repicative Potential:
BFB cycle leads to |
mutations
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Limitless Repicative Potential:
When telomerase is reactivated, mutations are fixed and what results? |
cells continue to divide
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Development of Sustained Angiogenesis:
Tumors need _____ and _____ too |
food and oxygen
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Development of Sustained Angiogenesis:
Tumors bigger than 2mm can't... |
survive without vascularization
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Development of Sustained Angiogenesis:
Tumors bigger than 2mm can't survive without vascularization so they must... |
be able to induce angiogenesis, both benign and malignant tumors
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Development of Sustained Angiogenesis:
How are tumors vascularized? |
-neoangiogenesis
-vasculogenesis |
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Neoangiogenesis -
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new sprouts from capillaries in the area
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Vasculogenesis -
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endothelial cells come from the bone marrow to make blood vessels
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Development of Sustained Angiogenesis:
-In Hypoxia, it stimulates the production of _______ _______ like ______ -this happens through activation of ______ |
-angiogenesis cytokines, VEGF
-HIF-1alpha |
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Development of Sustained Angiogenesis:
If there's no hypoxia, VHL.... |
binds to HIF-1alpha → signaling for destruction
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Development of Sustained Angiogenesis:
If there is hypoxia, VHL... |
no longer binds HIF-1alpha
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Development of Sustained Angiogenesis:
Angiogenic Factors is like ______ ______ growth factor (VEGF) |
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
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Development of Sustained Angiogenesis:
In Angiogenic Factors, FGF released from _____ by ______ |
-ECM
-proteases |
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Development of Sustained Angiogenesis:
Inhibitory Factors (4) |
-Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1)
-Protease-produced angiostatin, endostatin, and vasculostatin |
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Development of Sustained Angiogenesis:
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is -produced by _____ _______ -synthesis is induced by _____ |
-produced by stromal fibroblasts
-p53 |
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Development of Sustained Angiogenesis:
In Cancer, when you lose p53, you lose _____ |
losing p53 = losing TSP-1
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Development of Sustained Angiogenesis:
In cancer, VHL mutations are associated with _____ ______ |
renal cancers
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Development of Sustained Angiogenesis:
In cancer, they produce ____ and _____ that can swing the balance |
-VEGF and Proteases
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Ability to Invade and Metastasize:
Metastatic spread by ______ or ______ ______ |
-lymphatics
-blood stream |
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Development of Sustained Angiogenesis:
To invade tissues, you have to divide where? |
in place
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Ability to Invade & Metastasize:
Metastasis is the ____________________ with no _____________________________ |
-2nd tumor site
-continuity with the first |
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Ability to Invade & Metastasize:
In lymphatic spread, it's most common in ______ (example) |
-carcinomas
-carcinoma of the breast, malignant melanoma |
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Ability to Invade & Metastasize:
In lymphatic spread, explain the invasion |
Invades the lymphatic vessels and spreads up along the lymphatic vessel to the node
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Ability to Invade & Metastasize:
In lymphatic spread, blood stream and _______ are connected |
lymphatics
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Ability to Invade & Metastasize:
In Spread via the bloodstream is most common in _____ |
sarcomas
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Ability to Invade & Metastasize:
In Spread via the bloodstream, invasion can happen in |
-tumor's new blood vessels (angiogenesis)
-or in nearby normal vasculature |
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Steps of Metastasis via the blood stream: (7)
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1. Liberation (setting/releasing free)
2. Invasion 3. Transfer as emboli 4. Adhesion at endothelium 5. Migration from vessel 6. Survival (angiogenesis) 7. Multiplication & growth |
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Ability to Invade & Metastasize:
Degree of spread relates to _______ |
survival
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Ability to Invade & Metastasize:
Common _______ of metastasis have been observe |
patterns
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Ability to Invade & Metastasize:
Common Patterns of Metastasis Secondary Sites: |
-Liver: most common
-Skeleton: second most common, source-breast,kidney,prostate,thyroid -Brain: sources-lung, breast, adrenals -Lung: sources-breast, stomach carcinomas, sarcomas -Adrenals:most frequent endocrine gland site, source-lung,breast |