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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Motivation
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-process of arousing, directing, and maintaining behavior towards a goal
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5 Elements for Motivation
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1. forces within the individual
2. energy for action/behaviors 3. direction of such behaviors 4. intensity of those behaviors 5. persistence of behaviors |
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Needs (Content) Based Theories
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-idea that when individuals have a need, they will become motivated to take action to fullful that need
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Need Hierarchy Theory
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1. physiological (financial needs)
2. safety and security (job security, health coverage) 3. love needs (social needs) 4. esteem needs (recognition, respect) 5. self actualization (completely satisfied) |
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Limitation of Need Hierarchy Theory
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-cannot be accurately tested
-threshold is different from person to person |
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Two-Factor Theory (Herzberg)
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-motivators (related to job content) are associated with job satisfaction
-hygiene factors (related to job context) are associated with job dissatisfaction |
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Limitation of Two-Factor Theory
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-is it really useful
-question of methodology |
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Process Theories
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-individual's evaluation of choice of certain courses of action, and how other factors influence such courses of action
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Vroom's Expectancy Theory
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-individuals evaluate the various courses of action that are available to them and choose one they expect to lead to the most preferable outcome
-valence -outcomes -expectancy -instrumentality -interplay |
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Valence
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-individuals preference for a particular outcome
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Outcomes
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-refer to the consequences of a given act
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Expectancy
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-probability estimate that effort will lead to the first level results
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Instrumentality
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-individuals estimate of the relationship between first and second level results
-ex. did you get the promotion because you performed well...or because you were there the longest |
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Interplay of Concepts
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Force = Valence x Expectancy x Instrumentality
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Adams Theory of Inequity
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-individuals tend to compare individual outcomes to those of others
-ex. I got $1000 raise, but he got $2000 raise...not happy |
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Justice and Fairness Theories
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1. consistancy
2. bias suppression 3. accuracy 4. representativeness 5. criticality 6. correctibility |
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Consistancy
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-procedures should be consistent across person, over time
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Bias Suppression
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-decision makers should not let self interest or bias affect decision
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Accuracy
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-decisions must be based on accurate information
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Representativeness
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-process is representative of the concerns of ALL recipients
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Ethically
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-ethical and moral standard
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Effort-Performance Relationship
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-for effective performance to occur, individual must have have necessary abilities and traits
-ex. basketball player |
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Performance-Reward Relationship
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-if individual has necessary abilities and traits, and perceives role correctly, they should should expect success
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Reward-Satisfaction Relationship
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-satisfaction of rewards depends on the individuals perception
-relates back to Adam's Theory |