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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Analyze ways in which moving water can carve a landscape.
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It carries sediments in streams and rivers and deposits them.
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Describe the three ways in which a stream carries its load.
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Suspension- Small particles can be held up by the stream's running water.
Bed Load- Sediment that is large can be rolled or pushed. Solution- Materials are dissolved. |
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Analyze the relationship between the carrying capacity of a stream and its discharge and velocity.
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The averages are proportional as one goes up, the other ones do too.
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Determine why little water from runoff infiltrates the ground in areas with steep slopes.
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Most of the water travels down the slope instead.
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Determine how a floodplain forms and why people live on them.
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Floodplains form from excess water during times of flooding. People may live on them because it makes the soils fertile.
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Analyze how levees form.
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Levees form naturally by the sediments accumulating along the edges of a river.
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Describe the water cycle.
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The water cycle is a never-ending, natural circulation of water through Earth's systems.
Sublimation or Evaporation--> Condensation--> Precipitation--> Runoff or Infiltration (Groundwater)--> Ocean or Transpiration |
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Define hard water.
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Hard water is water that contains high concentrations of calcium, magnesium, or iron.
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List the agents responsible for groundwater pollution.
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~Infiltration from fertilizers
~Leaks from storage tanks ~Drainage of acid from mines ~Seepage from faulty septic tanks ~Saltwater intrusion into aquifers near shorelines ~Leaks from waste disposal sites ~Radon |
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What are the factors that determine whether water will runoff or infiltrate.
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soil competition; rate of precipitation; vegetation; slope
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What is groundwater?
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Water that infiltrates Earth's surface. Surface either evaporates, flows away, or becomes groundwater..
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Stream Load is what?
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Material that a stream carries.
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What is infiltration?
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Process by which precipitation has fallen on land trickles into the ground and becomes groundwater.
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What is the zone of saturation?
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The region below Earth's surface in which groundwater conpletely fills all the pores of a material.
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Water table
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Upper boundary of the zone of accumulation
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Zone of aeration is what?
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Above the water table, materials are moist but not saturated with water, air occupies much of the pores.
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Permeability is what?
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The tendency of a material to let water pass through.
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What is an aquifer?
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Permeable sediment and rock.
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What is an aquiclude?
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Impermeable layers of rock.
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What are springs?
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Natural discharges of groundwater
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What are hot springs?
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When spring's discharge water is much warmer than average annual temperature.
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Geysers are what?
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Explosive hot springs that have higher temperatures than the human body.
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What is porosity?
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The amount of pore space in a material
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What are the factors that affect inflitration?
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Vegetation, slope, soil composition, and rate of precipitation.
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Explain how the movement of groundwater is related to the water cycle.
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Groundwater will eventually evaporate, but it takes a while to get to the ocean.
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Describe how the water in hot springs get hot.
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They emerge from aquifers that descend to tremendous depths in Earth's crust in which deep, hot water rises.
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Analyze the factors that determine flow velocity.
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Slope of the water table
and Permeability of material through which groundwater is moving. |
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Differentiate between porosity and permeability in subsurface materials.
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Permeability is the tendency of materials to let water pass through them,
and Porosity is the amount of pore space in a material. |
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infer why it is beneficial for a community to have an aquiclude beneath an aquifer from which it draws its water supply.
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The water will be unable to seep into the material beneath it, so they can have a bigger water table.
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When does carbonic acid form?
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Carbonic acid forms when carbon dioxide gas dissolves in water and combines with water molecules.
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What is a cave?
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A cave is a natural underground opening that has a connection to Earth's surface.
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What is a sinkhole?
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A sinkhole is a depression in the ground caused by the collapse of a cave or by the direct dissolution of limestone by acidic water.
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What is karst topography?
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Karst topography is when limestone regions have sinkholes and disappearing streams.
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What is a stalactite?
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A stalactite is a form of dripstone that hangs from the the cave's ceiling like icicles and forms gradually.
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What is a stalagmite?
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A stalagmite is a mound-shaped dripstone
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What can form when stalagmites and stalactites meet?
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Dripstone columns
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How is limestone weathered and identify the features that are formed as a result of this dissolution?
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Carbonic acid dissolves limestone. Sinkholes and caves are the result or can be the result of this dissolution.
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Identify the acid that is most common in groundwater.
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Carbonic Acid
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What is a well?
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A well is a hole dug or drilled into the ground to reach an aquifer.
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Drawdown is what?
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The difference between the original water table level and the water level in the pumped well.
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What is recharge?
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Water from precipitation that replenishes the water content of an aquifer.
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What is an artesian well?
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When the rate of recharge is high enough, the pressurized water in a well drilled into an artesian aquifer can spurt above the land surface in the form of a fountain.
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Evaluate the problems associated with overpumping wells.
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It can lower the local water level and results in a cone of depression around the well. This is called subsidence.
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Explain why artesian wells contain water under pressure.
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The water at the top of the slope exerts gravitational force on the water downslope. Impermeable layers above and below.
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differentiate between the effects of radon and the effects of salt dissolved in groundwater.
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You can tell if there is salt, but not radon... by your senses
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how do you best prevent groundwater pollution in a residential area?
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have a treatment system.
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Which single source of freshwater represents the largest volume of freshwater worldwide readily available for use by humans?
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Groundwater deposits
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Sinkholes may eventually join to form what?
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wide valleys
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What is the name of the layer of sediment or rock that does not allow water to flow through it?
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aquiclude
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In which layer do the pores contain mostly air although the materials are moist?
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the zone of aeration
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Which characteristics so most areas with karst topography share?
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humid areas with limestone bedrock
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What is the vertical movement of water through ground layers?
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infiltration
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What is the replacement of water content in an aquifer?
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recharge
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What are the two features that are most often associated with the formation of springs?
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surface of Earth and a water table
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Classify where the water table is located in a lake or wetland as opposed to a region with no standing water.
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The water table is at the surface for lakes and wetlands, and subsurface for areas with no standing water.
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