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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Decreased red blood cell count |
Anemia |
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Slightly immature neutrophil |
Band cell |
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Primitive white blood cell |
Blast cell |
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Proteins produced by leukocytes that are vital to regulation of hematopoiesis, apoptosis, and immune responses |
cytokines |
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Development of functions and characteristics that are different from those of the parent stem cell |
Differentiation |
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A cellular component of blood involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
Erythrocyte erythrocyte also called red blood cell |
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Process of formation of red blood cells |
Erythropoiesis |
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Hormone produced primarily by the kidneys, necessary for erythropoiesis |
Erythropoietin |
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Filamentous protein, basis of thrombus and blood clot |
Fibrin |
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A protein converted into fibrin to form thrombus and clots |
Fibrinogen |
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Process of breaking down a fibrin clot |
Fibrinolysis |
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Granulated white blood cell, sometimes used synonymously with neutrophil |
Granulocyte |
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Percentage of total blood volume consisting of red blood cells |
Hematocrit |
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Complex process of the formation and maturation of blood cells |
Hematopoiesis |
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Iron-containing protein of red blood cells, delivers oxygen to tissues |
Hemoglobin |
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Intricate balance between clot formation and clot dissolution |
Hemostasis |
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Cells present in all loose connective tissue, capable of phagocytosis |
Histiocytes |
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Increased release of immature forms of white blood cells from the bone marrow in response to need |
Left shift, or shift to the left |
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One of the several cellular components of blood involved in defense of the body, subtypes include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes |
Leukocyte |
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Less than normal amount of white blood cells in circulation |
Leukopenia |
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Form of white blood cell involved in immune functions |
Lymphocyte |
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Pertaining to lymphocytes |
Lymphoid |
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Reticuloendothelial cells capable of phagocytosis |
Macrophage |
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Large white blood cell that becomes a macrophage when it leaves the circulation and moves into body tissues |
Monocyte |
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Pertaining to non lymphoid blood cells that differentiate into red blood cells, platelets, macrophages, mast cells and various white blood cells |
Myeloid |
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Formation and maturation of cells derived from myeloid stem cells |
Myelopoiesis |
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Immune cells that accumulate in lymphoid tissue that are potent killers of virus infected and cancer cells |
Natural killer cells |
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Fully mature white blood cell capable of Phagocytosis, primary defense against bacterial infection |
Neutrophil |
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Immature form of red blood cell, portion of nucleus remains within the red blood cell |
Nucleated RBC |
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Combined form of oxygen and hemoglobin, found in arterial blood |
Oxyhemoglobin |
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Process of cellular ingestion and digestion of foreign bodies |
Phagocytosis |
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Liquid portion of blood |
Plasma |
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A cellular component of blood involved in blood coagulation |
Platelet AKA thrombocyte |
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Protein converted to plasmin to dissolve thrombi and clots |
Plasminogen |
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A cellular component of blood involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
RBC or erythrocyte |
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Slightly immature red blood cells usually only 1% of total circulating red blood cells |
Reticulocytes |
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Complex system of cells throughout the body capable of phagocytosis |
Reticuloendothelial system |
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Portion of blood remaining after coagulation occurs |
Serum |
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Primitive cell capable of self-replication and differentiation into myeloid or lymphoid stem cells |
Stem cell |
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Component of the bone marrow not directly related to hematopoiesis but serves important supportive roles in the process |
Stroma |
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Enzyme necessary to convert fibrinogen into fibrin clot |
Thrombin |
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One of several cellular components of blood involved in defense of the body. Subtypes include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. AKA leukocyte |
White blood cell |
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Patients with hematological disorders often have significant abnormalities in blood tests but few or no symptoms |
True |
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A specialized organ that differs from other organs in that it exists in a fluid state |
Blood |
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This is composed of plasma and various types of cells |
Blood |
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This component of blood contains various proteins, such as albumin, globulin, fibrinogen and other factors necessary for clotting. As well as electrolytes, waste products, and nutrients. |
Plasma |
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About this percentage of blood volume is plasma |
55% |
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The cellular component of blood consists of what three primary cell types |
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes |
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What percentage of blood do the cellular components of blood normally makeup |
45% |
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What is the primary site for hematopoiesis |
Bone marrow |
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During embryonic development and in other conditions what other two areas besides the bone marrow might be involved in hematopoiesis |
Liver and spleen |
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Under normal conditions the adult bone marrow produces about 175 billion erythrocytes, 70 billion neutrophils and 175 billion platelets each day |
True |
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When the body needs more blood cells as in with infection or bleeding, the marrow increases its production of the cells required. |
True |
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Blood makes up approximately this percentage of the normal body weight and amounts to about this much volume. |
7 to 10% 5 to 6 liters |
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Three functions of blood |
Transportation Regulation Protection |
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Blood carries waste products produced by cellular metabolism to the lungs, skin, liver and kidneys where they are transformed and eliminated from the body |
True |
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Oxygen, hormones, nutrients, medications and wastes |
Some things transported by Blood |
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Acid-base balance, electrolytes, temperature |
Some things regulated by Blood |
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Fighting infection, coagulation |
Some protections by Blood |
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Excessive bleeding or excessive clotting are both dangerous. The balance between these two systems, clot or thrombus formation and clot dissolution or fibrinolysis is called this |
Hemostasis |
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In what bones of the body is blood cell formation usually occurring in |
Flat bones such as pelvis, ribs, vertebrae and sternum |
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This is one of the largest organs of the body, making up 4% to 5% of total body weight |
Marrow |
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Fresh frozen plasma is this color |
Yellow |
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Marrow consists of islands of cellular components red marrow, separated by fat or yellow marrow. As people age the proportion of active marrow is gradually replaced by fat. However in healthy adults the fat can again be replaced by active marrow when more blood cell production is required |
True |
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In adults with disease that causes marrow destruction, fibrosis, or scarring, the liver and spleen can also resume production of blood cells by a process known as this |
Extramedullary hematopoiesis |
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Marrow is highly vascular. Within it are primitive cells called? |
Stem cells |
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These cells have the ability to self-replicate thereby ensuring a continuous supply of them throughout the life cycle |
Stem cells |
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When stimulated to do so stem cells can begin a process of differentiation into either of these two kinds of cells |
Myeloid or lymphoid stem cells |
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Lymphoid stem cells produce either of these types of cells |
T or B lymphocytes |
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Myeloid stem cells differentiate into three broad cell types which are |
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets |
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With the exception of these all blood cells are derived from myeloid stem cells |
Lymphocytes |
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This is important in an indirect manner in that it produces The Colony stimulating factors needed for hematopoiesis |
Stroma |
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Bio concave disc that resembles a softball compressed between two fingers. It is so flexible that it can pass easily through capillaries |
RBC |
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The membrane is very thin so that Gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide can easily diffuse across it. The disc shape provides a large surface area that facilitates the absorption and release of oxygen molecules |
Red blood cell |
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Mature erythrocytes consists primarily of this which contains iron and makes up 95% of the cell Mass |
Hemoglobin |
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What is the primary role of erythrocytes |
The transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues |
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Occasionally the marrow releases slightly immature forms of erythrocytes called reticulocytes into the circulation. This occurs as a normal response to an increased demand for erythrocytes such as in bleeding or in some diseases. |
True |
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Iron is present in the heme component of a molecule. An important property of heme is its ability to bind to oxygen Loosely and reversibly. Oxygen readily binds to hemoglobin in the lungs and is carried away as this in the arterial blood |
Oxyhemoglobin |
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Oxyhemoglobin is a brighter red than hemoglobin that does not contain oxygen thus arterial blood is a brighter red than venous blood |
True |
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In venous blood, hemoglobin combines with hydrogen ions produced by cellular metabolism and thus buffers this |
Excessive acid |
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Whole blood normally contains about this Much hemoglobin per 100 ml of blood |
15 gram |
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What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell |
120 days |
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Differentiation of the Primitive myeloid stem cell into an erythroblast is stimulated by this hormone produced primarily by the kidneys |
Erythropoietin |
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If the kidneys detect low levels of oxygen as occurs when fewer red blood cells are available to bind to oxygen, or with people living at high altitudes, erythropoietin levels increase |
True |
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Increased erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow to increase production of erythrocytes. The entire process of erythropoiesis typically takes about this long |
5 days |
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For normal erythrocyte production the bone marrow also requires iron, vitamin B12, folate, vitamin B6, protein and other factors. A deficiency of these factors during erythropoiesis can result in decreased red blood cell production and anemia |
True |
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What is the normal lab level for red blood cells |
4.5 to 5 |
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Leukocytes are divided into these two general categories |
Granulocytes and lymphocytes |
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Normal total leukocyte count is? |
4000 to 11000 |
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Of leukocytes approximately this percentage are granulocytes while this much is lymphocytes |
60 to 80% granulocytes 20 to 40% are lymphocytes |
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These protect the body against infection and tissue injury |
Granulocytes and lymphocytes |
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Granulocytes are defined by the presence of granules in the cytoplasm of the cell. They are divided into these three main subgroups |
Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils |
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Once a neutrophil is released into circulation from the marrow it stays there for only about six hours before it migrates to the body tissues to perform its function of phagocytosis. Neutrophils die here within this amount of days |
One to two days |
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The number of circulating granulocytes found in a healthy person is relatively constant however, in infections large numbers of cells are rapidly released into the circulation |
True |
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Immature lymphocytes are produced in the marrow from this type of stem-cell. A second major source of production is the thymus. Cells derived from the thymus are known as this. Those derived from the bone marrow can also be T-cells but are more commonly called this |
Lymphoid stem cells T cells B lymphocytes |
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Lymphocytes complete their differentiation and maturation primarily in the lymph nodes and in the lymphoid tissue of the intestine and spleen. |
True |
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These are the principal cells of the immune system. They produce antibodies and identify other cells and organisms as foreign |
Lymphocytes |
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This type of lymphocyte serves as a potent killer of virus infected and cancer cells. They also secrete chemical messenger proteins called cytokines to metabolize the T & B cells into action |
Natural killer cells |
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These protect the body from Invasion by bacteria and other foreign entities |
Leukocytes |
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The major function of neutrophils is this |
Phagocytosis |
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Neutrophils arrive at a given site within this amount of time after the onset of an inflammatory reaction and initiate phagocytosis, but they are short-lived |
1 hour |
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The primary function of lymphocytes is to attack foreign material |
True |
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These are important in the phagocytosis of parasites |
Eosinophils |
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These cells are involved in the hypersensitivity reaction, they neutralize histamine |
Eosinophils |
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These cells produce and store histamine as well as other substances involved in hypersensitivity reactions. The release of these substances provokes allergic reactions |
Basophils |
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These are not technically cells but instead granular fragments of giant cells in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes |
Platelets AKA thrombocytes |
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These play an essential role in the control of bleeding. They circulate freely in the blood in an inactived state where they nurture the endothelium of the blood vessels maintaining the Integrity of the vessel |
Platelets AKA thrombocytes |
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When vascular injury occurs these collect at the site and are activated. They adhere to the site of injury and to each other forming a platelet plug that temporarily stops the bleeding |
Platelets |
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Platelets have a normal life span of about this long |
7 to 10 days |
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After platelets form a plug this will later stabilize the clot |
Fibrin |
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Normal cell count of platelets |
150,000 to 450,000 |
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After cellular elements are removed from the blood the remaining liquid portion is called plasma. More Than This percentage of plasma is water |
90% |
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Aside from the more than 90% of plasma being water the remainder of plasma consist primarily of proteins, clotting factors, small amounts of other substances such as nutrients, enzymes, waste products and gases |
True |
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If plasma is allowed to clot the remaining fluid is called serum. Serum has essentially the same composition as plasma, except that fibrinogen and several clotting factors have been removed during the clotting process |
True |
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List two more important substances found in plasma |
Albumin and fibrinogen |
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Plasma protein that helps to maintain fluid balance by keeping fluids in the vasculature |
Albumin |
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Important clotting Factor found in plasma that is activated by the clotting Cascade |
Fibrinogen |
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These two plasma substances are both produced in the liver |
Fibrinogen and albumin |
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The process of preventing blood loss from intact vessels and of stopping bleeding from a severed vessel, which requires adequate numbers of functional platelets. |
Hemostasis |
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*Severed blood vessel constricts* *Circulating platelets aggregate at site and adhere to vessel and each other *Unstable plug is formed |
Primary hemostasis |
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*Collagen activates platelets making them sticky *plasma clotting factors become activated *Fibrin formation occurs which reinforces the platelet plug and anchors it to the injury site |
Secondary hemostasis |
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During primary hemostasis immediate vasoconstriction occurs for around this amount of time giving platelets time to get there |
Around 20 minutes |
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Prothrombin-->thrombin -->fibrinogen-->fibrin |
Look |
|
Low platelets |
Thrombocytopenia |
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After clotting of an injured vessel, the injured vessel is repaired and again covered with endothelial cells and the fibrin clot is no longer needed. The substance plasminogen is required to lyse the fibrin. |
True |
|
Plasminogen which is present in all body fluids circulates with fibrinogen and is therefore incorporated into the fibrin clot as it forms. When the clot is no longer needed the plasminogen is activated to form plasmin. Plasmin digests the fibrinogen and fibrin. |
Fibrinolysis, breaking down of a clot |
|
These help with fibrinolysis by antagonizing the thrombin |
Antithrombin |
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Marrow is less responsive so it may not be able to increase production as required leading to anemia, leukopenia Etc |
Gerontological considerations |
|
Fewer stem cells |
Gerontological considerations |
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In Older patients the bone marrow may be more susceptible to myelosuppressive effects of medications. |
True |
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Possible anemia, leukopenia and decreased hemoglobin levels |
Normal findings in gerontological patients |
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Elevated red blood cells and white blood cells |
at Birth |
|
Decreased levels of platelets and lower levels of clotting factors |
at Birth |
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Three additional structures of the hematologic system |
Liver, lymph system and spleen |
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Produces red blood cells in fetal development |
Spleen |
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Can be removed and is done sometimes due to Rapid blood cell destruction |
Spleen |
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Acts as a filter by Removing old red blood cells from blood, taking the iron and sending it to the bone marrow for red blood cell production |
Spleen |
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Has an immune role as well as storage of this percent of the body's platelets |
30%, the spleen |
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Has its own vasculature and includes lymph nodes |
Lymph system |
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Carries fluid from interstitial spaces to the blood. When pathways are blocked lymphedema may occur |
Lymph system |
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All lymph fluids eventually drain to this area |
Subclavian veins of the neck |
|
Collects lymph fluids and brings them to the subclavian and jugular veins |
Lymph system |
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These filter out foreign particles |
Lymph nodes |
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It is important to consider these when doing a hematologic assessment of medications |
Vitamins and herbs. Some herbs pose a problem such as St John's Wort which can interfere with coumadin |
|
Consider such things as prosthetic heart valves, blood transfusions and any reactions to them |
Surgical history in hematologic assessment |
|
Hard, tender, fixed, enlarged are abnormal findings of this |
Lymph nodes |
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Tender lymph nodes are of more concern than non-tender |
False. We are more concerned about non-tender enlarged lymph nodes |
|
Three areas that can be used as objective information in the hematologic assessment |
Spleen, liver, lymph nodes |
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These two tests show enlarged lymph nodes well |
CT and MRI |
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Essential in preventing or limiting bacterial infection via phagocytosis |
Neutrophil |
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Involved in allergic reactions by neutralizing histamine. Digests foreign proteins |
Eosinophil |
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Contains histamine. And integral part of hypersensitivity reactions |
Basophils |
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Responsible for cell mediated immunity recognizes material as foreign. Like a surveillance system |
T lymphocytes |
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Responsible for humoral immunity. Many mature into plasma cells to form antibodies |
B lymphocyte |