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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Goals of archaeology |
1. Describe and reconstruct culture history 2. Describe and reconstruct past life ways 3. Identify and explains culture process 4. Describe and understand the archeological record |
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Tel |
Mounded ruins of Jericho, resulting from repeated occupationarch |
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Archaeological sites |
Any physical location in which humans have interacted with the environment or lived |
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Cultural traits |
All aspects of human adaptation |
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Systemic context |
The context in which artifacts are made and used by humans |
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Archaeological context |
The context that artifacts enter after they leave the systemic context or are discarded or buried |
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Artifacts |
Any object or environment with evidence of human interaction |
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Ecofacts |
Refers to seeds, pollen, bone |
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Structures |
Architectural features |
A hearth, depression for sleeping |
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Features |
Refers to any discernible change in the soil or natural environment that results form human activity |
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Archaeological record |
Finite/limited and incomplete record of human activity |
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Judeo |
Christian models of the origin of civilization and social complexity |
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Western Colonial and Eurocentric models |
The development of archaeology as an academic discipline originated in Europe it has been heavily influenced by this |
Including the idea that one civilization is better than others |
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Limited interactions |
Because of this there were different geographical regions in the ancient world that led to the idea of isolated early civilizations iLife |
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Mesolithic |
Transitional period 10,000 to 9000 BP |
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Black hole |
The gap between A. Aferensis and homo Habilis |
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Homo habilis |
Took use and home bases |
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Homo ergaster Homo erectus |
Larger brains Use of tools, stone, bamboo, shell Use of fire? Home bases, structures |
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Thermoluminescence dating |
Heat treating to intentionally shape something and testing how much luminescence is left after the last heat up |
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Creationism |
Modern humans were created by some form of god/goddess or great spirit |
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Out of Africa theory |
All homo originated in Africa, spread throughout the old world, then modern Homo sapiens originated in a distinct locality in Africa and spread out over the world replacing other hominid populations |
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Upper Paleolithic burials |
-Dead were decorated with jewelry and tools -indicate belief in afterlife and need of ornaments and tools and food -symbols of status are also taken to the afterlife |
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Upper Paleolithic expression |
1) mobility art ornaments, utilitarian objects, ritual objects 2) sculpture in the 1/2 round engraved stone blocks 3) cave art |
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Segregation of production |
1. Economic purposes 2. Safety or hygiene 3. Control of productions or technological knowledge |
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Culture |
-primary means of adaptation to the environment -use of tools and technology -social organization -use of symbols -versatility if the manipulation of symbols -non genetic transfer of meaning of symbols |
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Regionalization era |
Beginning of the short term changes that define the nature of integration and the dominant communities who maintain social order |
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Stratification of crafts |
Crafts producing items that are important for economic profit or status differentiation have a higher degree of control and can be ranked at a higher economic level than other crafts |
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Integration Era |
Period of state level control and stratification, major changes in social organization, bringing together diverse populations in cities or large settlements |
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Social stratification |
A feature of cities- distinct levels of categories within which people interact and to which they belong |
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Primary function of state |
-to maintain order in a context where kin relations no longer serve to maintain order -to maintain the order of stratification or hierarchy of the society |
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Types of Power |
-ideological -economical -political -military |
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Mesopotamia Regions |
4 preconditions were met 1. Diversity of the subsistence base and resource variability which have the potential for production of surplus 2. The development of social and economic interaction networks between major ecosystems and resource areas 3. Technological capabilities 4. Differentiation in status |
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Sumerian City states |
Ruled by a king, walled, surrounded by suburbs and agricultural land with canals running through then |
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Meso Control through warfare |
Sumerian battle formation and leader depicting victory |
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State=god |
Supported by officials and priests, military and below them agriculturalists |
High priestess of the moon god Nanna at Ur and possible the sky god Anu- allowed Sargon to control the southern cities |
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Scientific process of hypothesis formation and testing |
1. One or more hypotheses are formulated based in inductive research 2. The deduce the logical consequences from the hypothesis 3. Proceed to test the deduced observational predictions with the empirical data from archaeological record to see if in fact it’s true 4. If they are true, then the hypothesis is confirmed to some extent |
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Egypt power |
-warfare -ideology |
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Egypt sexuality |
-no term for sexuality -sexual and religious rituals were united and the normal ordinary way of life |
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Egypt writing |
Magical purposes and for communicating that the pharaoh is the highest authority, is god, should be worshiped -done in all manner of objects |
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Analogy |
A form of inference in which it is reasoned that if tie or more things agree with one another in one or more ways they will probably agree in other ways |
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Ethnographic analogy |
Uses such similarities to interpret the function or meaning of past artifacts on the basis of modern function or meaning |
No such thing as a perfect analogy |
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Experimental archaeology |
The replication of tools or adaptive processes to better understand the archaeological record and site formation processes |
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Ethnoarchaeology |
Studying modern cultures and patterns of archaeological accumulation to understand how to better interpret the past |
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Lower Paleolithic |
Hunting/gathering + 2 MYA to 100 or 70,000 BP |
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Middle Paleolithic |
Hunting/gathering 100 or 70,000 to about 30,000 BP |
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Upper Paleolithic |
Hunting/gathering 30,00-10,000 BP |
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