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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
transcription
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making mRNA from DNA
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Translation
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making a protein from mRNA
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RNA polymerase
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the enzyme used to make RNA from DNA once the DNA unwinds.
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transcribed DNA strand
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protein making side
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untranscribed DNA strand
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the quiet side of the DNA. its not being transcribed at the moment.
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RNA ploymerase 1
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only transcribes rRNA genes - makes ribosomes
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RNA polymerase 2
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transcribes genes into mRNA
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RNA polymerase 3
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transcribes tRNA genes
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Promoter
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the binding site before the begining of a gene. its the binding site for RNA polymerase and transcription factors
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Tata box
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the starting point of the promoter
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enhancer region
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the binding site thats far upstream of the gene, it quickens the transcription process.
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exons
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the genes that are expressed
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introns
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the junk in between the real dna
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mRNA splicing
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when the introns are removed from the mRNA and just the exons are left
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snRNP
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small nuclear RNA
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spliceosome
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several snRNPs. it gets rid of the intron.
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alternative splicing
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while trying to make two different proteins, some genes are considered introns for one, and they are considered exons for another.
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codon
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the 3 letters that are paired on the mRNA (ex AUG, CGU, etc)
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anticodon
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the 3 letters that are on the tRNA that code for an amino acid
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aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
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the enzyme that bonds the amino acid to the tRNA
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ribosome A site
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holds the tRNA that is carrying the next amino actid to be added to the chain
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ribosome P site
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holds the tRNA that is carrying the growing polypeptide chain
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ribosome E site
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the empty tRNA leaves the ribosome from this exit site
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helicase
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the enzyme that unwinds part of the DNA helix
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single-stranded binding proteins
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keeps the DNA open as it unzips
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RNA primer
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in order to make new DNA strand, there must be something to start it with, so RNA primer brings in a little piece of RNA to get started.
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DNA polymerase 1
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gets rid of tiny bit of RNA and replaces it with DNA nucleotides
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DNA polymerase 2
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starts at the small piece of RNA and adds DNA nucleotides to make new strand.
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okazaki fragments
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the small pieces of DNA that have to skip. this is because it can only go from 5' to 3'. so if it is opposite, it must skip.
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leading strand
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can smoothly go from 5' to 3' cuz it can keep attatching to the 3 carbon
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lagging strand
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the strand that goes from 3' to 5' so it must skip
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bacteriophage
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a virus that infects bacteria
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restriction enzymes
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enzymes that "cut" the DNA when they find an order of nucleotides
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ligase
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an enzyme that "seals" strands of DNA together
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plasmids
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small, self replicating circular DNA molecules
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polymerase chain reaction
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a method for making many copies of a specifig segment of DNA. (with only using one cell, someone can make tons of DNA to do tests on)
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reproductive cloning
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when you take the nucleus out of a somatic cell and put it into an enucleated egg cell. (dolly the sheep)
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therapeutic cloning
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dna into stem cells in order to grow something someone needs (ex: new kidney)
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alosteric inhibitor
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a product goes in an binds to the alosteric site of an enzyme to stop production of said product.
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operon
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a group of genes taht have related functions.
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operator
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DNA binding site of a repressor protein
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repressor protein
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binds to the DNA at the operator site. it blocks RNA polymerase and it blocks transcription
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repressible operon : tryptophan
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when trp is present in excess amounts, it binds tot he repressor protein and it triggers the repressor to bind to the DNA, causing the RNA polymerase to not be able to bind and it wont make anymore trp.
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inducible operon : lactose
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when lac is present, it binds the lac repressor protein and it makes it release from the DNA, making the RNA polymerase to bind and create enzymes to digest lac.
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epigenetics
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an external molecule that can control DNA
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siRNA
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small interfereing RNA - short segments of RNA that code for a "death" tag for mRNA. it turns off the gene so that there is no protein produced.
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ubiquitin
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a death tag label for unwanted proteins
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blastocyst
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a 5 to 6 day fertilized egg - used for stem cells
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point mutations
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a single base change in the DNA
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silent mutation
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a mutation that does not change the amino acid produced
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missense
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a change in an amino acid due to a point mutation
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nonsense
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a change in the stop codon due to point mutations
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frameshift
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a mutation that shifts everything downstream of the DNA
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insertions
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adding a base
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deletions
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losing bases
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