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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hormone
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A chemical messenger produced in one part of the body that affects target cells in another part of the body
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What can hormones be?
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Steroids, peptides, or modified amino acids
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Neurosecretory cells
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Link the hypothalamus. Structured like neurons but secrete hormones into the blood.
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Pituitary gland
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A gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus
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Posterior pituitary
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Stores antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. Releases them as needed.
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Anterior pituitary
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Stimulated by releasing hormones to release tropic hormones
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Tropic hormones
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Hormones whose target cells are other endocrine glands. Regulate hormone production of other glands.
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Bundles of cells in the pancreas
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Islets of Langerhans
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Kinds of cells contained in the islets of Langerhans
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Alpha cells and beta cells
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Alpha cells secrete what?
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Glucagon
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Beta cells secrete what?
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Insulin
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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Originates from the parathyroid glands. Increases Ca2+ in the blood by stimulating Ca2+ reabsorption in the kidneys and Ca2+ release from the bones
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Calcitonin
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Originates from the thyroid gland. Opposite effect of PTH.
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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A hormone binding to a receptor protein on the plasma membrane of the cell
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Kinds of secondary messengers
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Cyclic AMP (cAMP)Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
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Cyclic AMP
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Produced from ATP. Triggers an enzyme that generates specific cellular changes
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Inositol triphosphate
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Produced from membrane phospholipids. Triggers release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum, in turn activates enzymes that generate cellular changes
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Antidiuretic hormone
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Produced by posterior pituitary. Targets kidneys. Increases reabsorption of water.
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Oxytocin
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Produced by posterior pituitary. Targets the mammary glands. Stimulates the release of milk.
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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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Produced by anterior pituitary. tropic. Targets the thyroid. Triggers secretion of T4 and T3
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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Produced by anterior pituitary. tropic. Targets the adrenal cortex. Triggers secretion of glucocorticoids
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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Produced by anterior pituitary. tropic. Targets ovaries & testes. Regulates oogenesis and spermatogenesis
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Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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Produced by anterior pituitary. tropic. Targets ovaries and testes. Regulates oogenesis and spermatogenesis
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Prolactin (PRL)
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Produced by anterior pituitary. Targets mammary glands. Triggers milk production.
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Growth hormone (GH)
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Produced by anterior pituitary. Targets bone and muscles. Stimulates growth.
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Glucagon
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Produced by the pancreas. Targets the liver. Increases blood glucose.
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Insulin
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Produced by the pancreas. Beta cell. Targets liver, muscles, and fat. Lowers blood glucose.
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Epinephrine
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Produced by the adrenal gland medulla. Adrenalin. Targets blood vessels, liver, and heart. Increases blood glucose, constricts blood vessels. Triggers the flight or fight response
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Norepinephrine
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Produced by the adrenal gland medulla. Noradrenalin. Targets blood vessels, liver, and heart. Increases blood glucose, constricts blood vessels. Triggers the fight or flight response
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Glucocorticoids
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Produced by the adrenal gland cortex. Example: cortisol. General target. Increases blood glucose.
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Mineralocorticoid
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Produced by the adrenal gland cortex. Ex: aldosterone. Targets the kidneys. Increases reabsorption of Na and excretion of K.
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T4 (thyroxin) and T3 (triiodothyronine)
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Produced by thyroid. General target. Increases cellular metabolism.
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Calcitonin
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Produced by thyroid. Targets bones. Lowers blood Ca2+.
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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Produced by the parathyroid. Targets bones. Increases blood Ca2+.
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Testosterone
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Produced by the testis. Targets the testes and general. Triggers spermatogenesis and secondary sex characteristics
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Estrogen
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Produced by the ovary. Targets the uterus and general. Triggers the menstrual cycle and secondary sex characteristics
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Progesteron
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Produced by the ovary. Targets the uterus. Regulates the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
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Melatonin
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Produced by the pineal. Targets the body. Regulates circadian rhythms.
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