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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Glucose w/ complete oxidation leads to how many ATP
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38
(glucose --> 6 CO2) |
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Glucose --> pyruvate (aerobic) = how many ATP
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8
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How many pyruvates does 1 molecule glucose yield
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2
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FA oxidation = how many ATP
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129
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Regulatory enzyme in glycolysis which is inhibited by ATP or citrate
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PFK-1
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PFK-2 is ____ when phosphorylated
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Inhibited
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Glycogenolysis is regulated by what enzyme and when phosphorylated it is ____
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Glycogenphosphorylase
Activated |
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In order for glycogen synthesis, ____ enzyme must be ____
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Glycogen synthetase
Must not be phosphorylated |
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____ enzyme important in fat metabolism. _____ when phosphorylated
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Hormone sensitive lipase
Activated |
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Cholesterol synthesis regulated by ____ enzyme, _____ when phosphorylated
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HMG CoA reductase
Inhibited |
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Ketone bodies are synthesized by ____ enzyme
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HMG CoA synthase
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Citric acid cycle is regulated by _____ enzyme, _____ when phosphorylated
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Pyruvate DH
Inhibited |
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Steroid hormones are all made from what
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Cholesterol (27 C)
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Mineralocorticoids are made in what adrenal zone
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Zona glomerulosa
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Glucocorticoids are made in what adrenal zone
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Zona fasciculata
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Androgens are made in what adrenal zone
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Zona reticularis
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Adrenal gland from exterior to interior
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Glomerulosa --> Fasciculata --> Reticularis
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What steroid H is made in Leydig cells in Testis
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Testosterone & androstenedione
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In a Male in the periphery what steroid H are made
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Androstenedione --> estrone
Testosterone --> Estradiol & androgens Androgens --> DHT |
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Theca cells in ovary make what steroid H
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Testosterone
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Granulosa cells in the ovary make what steroid H
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Take Androgens and make estrogens
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In F, peripheral metabolism of androgens & estrogens are made into what H
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ESTRIOL
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Corpus luteum makes what steroid H
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Progesterone
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17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency leads to a build up of what steroid H & clinical
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Make a lot of mineralocorticoids
(No glucocorticoids, androgens, estrogens) M - ambiguous genitalia F - primary amenorrhea at puberty |
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21 alpha hydroxylase deficiency leads to a build up of what steroid H & clinical
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Excess progesterone, androgens, estrogens
(No mineralocorticoids or glucocorticoids) M - precocious puberty F - ambiguous genitalia **Salt wasting** |
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11 beta hydroxylase deficiency leads to a build up of what steroid H & clinical
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Excess 11-deoxycorticosterone (mineralocorticoid activity), 11-deoxycortisol, androgen & estrogens
(No mineralocorticoids or glucocorticoids) M - precocious puberty F - ambiguous genitalia Salt retention (HTN, hypokalemia) |
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Insulin has the main action of ____
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Anabolism
-fat synthesis -sugar uptake, glycolysis, glycogen synthesis -protein synthesis |
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GH promotes
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Protein synthesis (at expensive of fat & sugar)
-fat lysis -GNG, glycogenolysis -increased uptake AA in liver for GNG |
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Cortisol leads to ____ blood glucose & ____ glycogen
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Increased blood glucose
Build-up glycogen stores -fat lysis & redistribution -inhibits sugar uptake -GNG, glycogen synthesis -protein degradation |
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Purines
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Adenine
Guanine |
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Purines can be made de novo where and from what
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In liver
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (--> IMP --> AMP or GMP --> ADP or GDP) |
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Defect in HGPRT causes what
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Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Hyperuricemia & neurological signs |
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Degradation of purines ultimately leads to what
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Xanthine --> uric acid
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Hyperuricemia causes
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GOUT
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Pyrimidines
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Uracil
Cytosine Thymine |
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De novo synthesis of pyrimidines occurs where and from what?
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Liver
Glutamine (--> carbamoylphosphate --> OMP --> UMP) |
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Degradation of pyrimidines
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C --> beta alanine
T --> beta amino-isobutyrate (harmless and excreted in urine) |
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Operon
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DNA in prokaryotes
"operational unit" (promotor, operator, 1 or more structural genes) |
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Promotor
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DNA
-RNA Poly binds -5' end of operon |
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Operator
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DNA
-b/t promoter and structural gene -binding site for repressors -If repressor bound --> operon "off" |
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Repressor
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Protein
-regulatory -binds operator & prevents transcription |
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Regulator gene
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DNA
-codes for repressor |
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lac-OPERON
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Lactose binds to repressor prevents repressor from binding DNA
Operon freed --> "on" Polymerase - transcription (beta galactoside) |
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Transcription factor
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Binds TATA box (part of promotor)
Must be there for RNA Poly to recognize promotor |
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Inducer
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binds to DNA & activates some genes and inactivates others
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Enhanser
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regulatory DNA sequence
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