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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
(E transcription) Polymerase I makes
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rRNA
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(E transcription) Polymerase II makes
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mRNA
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(E transcription) Polymerase III makes
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tRNA
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mRNA processing of eukaryotic RNA
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5'-cap
Poly A tail Introns removed and exons spliced together |
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What direction is DNA new strand made in DNA replication
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5' --> 3'
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(P replication) Polymerase III job
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Replicates both parental strands
Proofreads 3' exonuclease |
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(P replication) Polymerase I job
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Removes primer and fills in gaps w/ DNA (5' exonuclease)
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(P replication) Polymerase II job
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DNA repair (3' exonuclease)
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(E replication) delta polymerase
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Makes leading strand
(No proofreading, no exonuclease) |
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(E replication) alpha polymerase
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Makes lagging strand
Primase activity |
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(E replication) Beta & epsilon polymerase
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DNA repair (3' exonuclease)
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(E replication) gamma polymerase
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mitochondrial DNA polymerase
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What tissue does adenomas and carcinomas arise from
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Ecto- or endoderm
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What tissues does sarcomas and fibromas arise from
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Mesoderm
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Ectoderm becomes what
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Neural tube --> CNS
Neural crest --> PNS Placodes --> sensory Surface epithelium |
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Mesoderm becomes what
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Somites --> muscles, vertebral column
CT lymphatics blood cells |
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Endoderm becomes what
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epithelium of GI
Liver Pancreas Thymus Thyroid |
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Umbilical cord contains what?
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2 arteries (deoxygenated blood)
1 vein (oxygenated blood from placenta to baby) |
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Umbilical arteries become
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Medial umbilical lig
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Urachus becomes
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median umbilical lig
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Umbilical vein becomes
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Round lig
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Ductus venosus becomes
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venous lig
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Ductus arteriosus becomes
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Ligamentum arteriosus
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Yolk sac becomes
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Meckel's diverticulum (2-2-2)
2% of population w/i 2 feet ileocecal jnct 2 cm long |
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1st brachial arch forms
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Malleus, incus
M. of mastication Facial a. CN V3 |
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2nd brachial arch forms
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Stapes, Styloid, lesser horns of hyoid
M. facial expression Ext. carotid a. CN VII |
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3rd brachial arch forms
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Body of hyoid
Stylopharyngeal m Internal carotid artery CN IX |
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4th brachial arch forms
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Larynx
Pharyngeal m. CN X |
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Pharyngeal clefts form
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I - external auditory meatus
II-IV - cervical sinus (disappears or becomes cervical cyst) |
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Pharyngeal pouch I forms
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Tympanic cavity
Eustachian tube |
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Pharyngeal pouch II forms
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Palatine tonsil
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Pharyngeal pouch III forms
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Ventral - thymus
Dorsal - Inferior parathyroids |
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Pharyngeal pouch IV forms
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Dorsal - superior parathyroids
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Pharyngeal pouch V forms
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Ultimobranchial body --> parafollicular C cells of thyroid
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Mesonephric duct becomes ____ which does what?
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Wolff
male - epididymis, vas deferens (disappears in F) |
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Paramesonephric duct becomes ____ which does what?
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Muller
(M - diappears) F - fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina down to hymen |
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What causes male differentiation
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Wolff is sustained by Testosterone (Leydig cells)
Muller is suppressed by MIF glycoprotein (Sertoli cells) |
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What becomes the kidneys
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Metanephros
(pronephros & mesonephros disappears) |
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What enters via optic canal
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Optic n
Ophthalmic a. |
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What enters via superior orbital fissure
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CN III, IV, V (ophthalmic), VI
SNS Ophthalmic v.v. |
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What enters via foramen rotundum
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CN V (maxillary)
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What enters via foramen ovale
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CN V (mandibular)
Accessory meningeal a. |
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What enters via foramen spinosum
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Middle meningeal a.
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What enters via foramen magnum
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SC
Accessory n. Vertebral a.a. Spinal a.a. |
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What enters via jugular foramen
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CN IX, X, XI
Internal jugular v. |
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What enters via hypoglossal canal
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CN XII
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What enters via internal auditory meatus
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CN VII, VIII
Labyrinthine a. |
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If you have an abducens paralysis, clinical?
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Cant abduct eye to affected side
Diplopia |
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If you have a trochlear paralysis, clinical?
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Slight vertical double image
Pt compensates by tilting head |
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Mneumonic for EOM
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LR 6 SO 4
Lateral rectus - CN VI Superior oblique - CN IV All the rest CN III |
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Which way does superior rectus make you look
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Up and nasal
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Which way does inferior oblique make you look
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Up and temporal
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Which way does inferior rectus make you look
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Down and nasal
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Which way does superior oblique make you look
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Down and temporal
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What eye muscle causes mydriasis, innervation
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(dilation)
Dilator pupillae Sympathetic |
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What eye muscle causes miosis, innervation
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(constriction)
Sphincter pupillae Parasympathetic |
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What eye muscle is responsible for accommodation
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Ciliary muscle
Parasympathetic (contract ciliary m., relaxes suspensory lig, allows lens to turn into globular shape for near vision) |
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What eye muscles raises lid, innervation
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Levator palpebrae super. - CN III
Muller's m. - SNS |
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Clinical Horner's syndrome
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Miosis
Ptosis Red & dry facial skin on affected side |
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Tongue motor - muscle, action, innervation
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Genioglossue - out
Styloglossus - in & up Hyoglossus - down (all via CN XII) |
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Damage to hypoglossal n. - clinical
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Deviates toward side of damage
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Tongue sensation anterior 2/3
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Taste - VII
Touch & Temp - V3 |
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Tongue sensation posterior 1/3
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CN IX
(taste & touch) |
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Function of lat. pterygoid, digastric, geniohyoid m.
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Open mouth
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Function of masseter, (med. pterygoid, temporalis)
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Close mouth
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Function of lateral pterygoid
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Protrudes mouth
Lateral dysplacement |
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Function of temporalis
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Retracts mandible
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Innervation of post. cricoarytenoid, lat. cricoaryteniod, thyroaryteniod
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Recurrent n.
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Function of
Posterior cricoarytenoid |
Open glottis
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Function of
Lateral cricoaryteniod |
Closes glottis
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Function of
Thyroarytenoid |
Relaxes vocal cords
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Function of & innervation of
Cricothyroid |
Tightens vocal cords
Superior laryngeal n |
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What does the L laryngeal n. wrap around
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Aortic arch
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What does the R laryngeal n. wrap around
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R subclavian a.
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Sensation above glottis
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Superior laryngeal n.
(important in cough reflex) |
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Sensation below glottis
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Recurrent n.
(important in cough reflex) |
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Main shoulder muscle that adducts & innervation
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Pectoralis major
C5-T1 |
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Main shoulder muscle that abducts &
innervation |
1st 60 degrees - Deltoid
Then - Sarratus anterior Long thoracic n. |
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Main shoulder muscle that anteverts & innervation
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Deltoid
Axillary |
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Main shoulder muscle that retroverts & innervation
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Teres major
Subscapular n. |
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Main shoulder m. outward rotation & innervation
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Infraspinatus
Suprscapular n. |
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Main shoulder m. inward rotation & innervation
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Subscapularis
Subscapular n. |
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What is the problem when pt presents w/ "scapular winging"?
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Serratus anterior m. paralysis
Damage to long thoracic n. |
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Muscle that make up the rotator cuff
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Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis |
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Spinal segments that make up upper trunk of brachial plexus & terminal n.
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C5-6
Musculocutaneous n. |
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Spinal segments that make up middle trunk of brachial plexus & terminal n.
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C7
Axillary n. & radial n. (posterior cord) Median n. |
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Spinal segments that make up lower trunk of brachial plexus & terminal n.
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Ulnar n.
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Clinical s/s & cause of upper brachial plexus injury
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"waiter tip" (arm hangs in medial rotation)
forceful separation of neck & shoulder, motorcycle accident, football tackling |
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Clinical s/s & cause of posterior cord brachial plexus injury
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"wrist drop"
Radial n. injury Compression by too long crutches |
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Clinical s/s & cause of lower brachial plexus injury
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"Claw hand"
Ulnar n. injury Forceful pull of arm/shoulders (birth) |
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"wrist drop"
No tricep reflex Sensory loss: posterior arm, dorsal hand |
Radial n. injury
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No F thumb, index finger, middle finger
No thumb opposition Thenar atrophy Sensory loss: radial 2 1/2 fingers (palms & tips) |
Median n. injury
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"Claw hand"
No F 4th or 5th finger Apothenar atrophy Sensory loss: Ulnar 1 1/2 fingers (palms & tips) |
Ulnar n. injury
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No elbow F
No supination No bicep reflex Sensory loss: extensor aspect of forearm |
Musculocutaneous n. injury
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What n. is commonly injured with a humerus fx
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Radial n.
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Muscle for elbow F & innervation
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Biceps brachii
MC n. |
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Muscle for elbow E & innervation
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Triceps brachii
Radial n. |
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Muscle for elbow supination & innervation
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Biceps brachii
MC n. |
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Muscle for elbow pronation & innervation
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Pronator teres
Median n. |
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Cause of "tennis elbow"
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Lateral epidondylitis
(origen of the extensor muscles) |
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Hip m. outward rotation & innervation
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Gluteus maximus
Inferior gluteal n. |
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Hip m. inward rotation & innervation
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Gluteus medius/minimus
Superior gluteal n. |
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Hip m. E & innervation
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Gluteus maximus
Inferior gluteal n. |
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Hip m. F & innervation
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Iliopsoas
Femoral n. |
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Hip m. abduction & innervation
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Gluteus medius
Superior gluteal n. |
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Hip m. adduction & innervation
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Adductor magnus/minimus
Obturator n. |
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Who is at risk for femoral neck fx? Complication?
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Elderly women (osteoporosis)
Risk of avascular necrosis of femoral head |
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What position does a femoral neck fx typically occur in?
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Abduction & external rotation
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