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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Criteria for acceptable sputum specimens |
<10 squamous epithelial cells and >25 PMNs |
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Criteria to reject sputum specimen |
>25 squamous epithelial cells and <10 PMNs |
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Method used to evaluate adequacy of sputum specimen |
Bartlett's Classification |
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Urine specimen of choice for microbiology
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Midstream clean catch |
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Urine specimen of choice for microbiology for those that cannot void |
catheterized specimen |
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Urine specimen of choice for microbiology for those who cannot produce urine and for anaerobic culture |
Suprapubic aspiration |
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Suitable urine preservative |
Boric acid |
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Types of calibrated loops |
1uL loop = 0.001 mL 10uL loop = 0.01mL |
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Colony count Formula used when using 1uL calibrated loop |
#of colonies x 1000 |
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Colony count formula used when using 10uL calibrated loop |
#of colonies x 100 |
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Brownian movement definition |
motility of non-motile organisms due to the movement of the molecules surrounding them |
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staining technique that uses simple aqueous solutions of dyes |
simple staining |
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Staining technique where only the background is stained |
Indirect or Relief or Negative staining |
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staining technique that Demonstrates special features of the cells |
Special staining |
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Examples of Capsular stain |
Hiss, Anthony's,Tyler, Muir |
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Examples of Spore stains |
Dorner's, Schaeffer and Fulton, Wirtz and Conklin |
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Example of Flagellar stain |
Gray's Fisher and Conn, Leifson |
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Example of metachromatic granule staining |
Albert's, Neisser, Ljubinsky, Ponder, Methylene Blue, Lindergran, Burke's technique |
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Example of nucleic acid staining |
Feulgen |
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Example of polar body staining |
Wayson |
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Example of spirochete stains |
Levaditi, Warthin-Starry, Fontana-Tribondeau |
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Staining technique that utilizes more than one dye |
Differential staining |
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Gram stain primary stain |
crystal violet |
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Gram stain mordant |
iodine |
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Gram stain decolorizer |
Acetone alcohol |
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Gram stain secondary stain |
Safranin |
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Hucker's modification of gram stain makes use of? |
Ammonium oxalate added to crystal violet |
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Hucker's modification of gram stain function |
for fungal staining |
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All cocci are gram positive except |
Neisseria, Branhamella, and Veilonella |
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All bacilli are gram negative except |
Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, Clostridium, Bacillus, Erysepelothrix, Lactobacillus, Listeria (MCCBELL) |
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Examples of higher organisms that stain gram positive |
Actinomyces, Streptomyces, yeast, and molds |
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Gram stain characteristics of Spiral organisms |
Gram negative |
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Organisms not gram stained |
Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Ureaplasma, Mycoplasma, Spirochetes |
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Reasons why Gram positive becomes Gram negative |
Over decolorization and use of acidic Gram's Iodine |
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Reasons why Gram negative becomes Gram positive |
Under decolorization and use of thick bacterial smear |
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Cell wall substance responsible for Mycobacterium's acid fastness |
Hydroxymethoxy acid or mycolic acid |
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Size of AFB smear |
2x3cm |
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Ways to facilitate acid fast staining |
heating, increasing concentration of phenol or basic fuchsin, prolonging staining time, addition of wetting agents prior to staining |
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Mordant for Ziehl Neelsen method |
Steam or heat |
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Mordant for Kinyoun's |
Tergitol |
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Primary stain for acid fast |
Carbol fuchsin |
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Decolorizer for acid fast |
Acid alcohol |
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Counterstain for acid fast |
Methylene blue |
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Component of acid alcohol in kinyoun's method |
Hydrochloric acid and ethanol |
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Modified Kinyouns acid alcohol components |
Sulfuric acid and ethanol |
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AFB in tissues are best stained using? |
Kinyoun's method |
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Setting of slide warmer for AFB fixing |
65C for 2 hours |
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Pappenheims Acid Fast function |
Differentiates M. smegmatis (blue) from M. Tb (red) |
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Baumgartens AFS function |
Differentiate M. leprae (red) from M. tb (blue) |
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Fite Faraco's difference with other methods |
Uses hematoxylin as counterstain |
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How to dispense plated media |
Weigh, dissolve, sterilize, dispense |
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How to dispense tubed media |
Weigh, dissolve, dispense, sterilize |
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Culture media according to physical state |
Liquid, semi-solid, solid, biphasic media |
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Non liquefiable solid media |
Chopped meat media and rice grain agar |
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Example of biphasic media |
Castañeda media (Brucella), and human bilayer tween (Gardnerella) |
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Culture media accdg to composition |
Synthetic/Defined, Non-synthetic/complex, tissue culture/living cells |
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Examples of non-synthetic agar |
EMB, MAC |
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Types of viral media |
Continuous, semi-continuous, and primary |
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HeLa cell origin |
Cervical cancer cells |
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Chick embryo function |
For rickettsia and viruses |
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A549 origin |
Lung cancer |
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McCoy Cells origin |
African green monkey kidney cells |
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BAP composition |
5% defibrinated blood from horse, sheep, or rabbit |
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Reason why human blood cannot be used for BAP |
Has citrate which inhibits demonstration of hemolytic pattern, and has dextrose which alters... stuff |
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Type of media used for routine cultivation of bacteria |
General purpose/ general isolation media |
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Media used to enhance growth |
Enrichment media |
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Media used for fastidious organisms |
Enriched media |
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Media that promotes growth of the desired organism while inhibiting the growth of others |
Selective media |
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Inhibitors of gram positive organisms |
Sodium desoxycholate (bile salts), and crystal violet or gentian violet |
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Inhibitors for gram negativr organism |
Potassium tellurite and Sodium Azide |
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Inhibitory agent in lowenstein-jensen media |
Malachite green |
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Tellurite agar is for? |
C. diptheriae |
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Differentiate organisms growing together |
Differential mrfia |
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Transport media used as a VTM |
Stuart's |
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Carry-Blair function |
Transport media for stool and rectal swabs |
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Media for Susceptibility testing |
Mueller-Hinton |
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Both selective and enrichment media for S. agalactiae from female genital specimens |
Todd-Hewitt |
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CNA function |
Selective for gram positive organisms |
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Methods in susceptibility testing |
Dilutiob method and disk diffusion method |
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Lowest concentration of antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth |
MIC |
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Lowest concentration of antibiotic that kills an organism |
MBC |
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Depth of MH agar |
4mm |
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In a 100mm plate how many disks should be there? |
No more than 5 |
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In a 150mm plate how many disks should be there? |
No more than 12 disks |
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pH of MH agar |
7.2 - 7.4 |
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Distance of disk in MH from center |
24mm |
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Distance between 2 disks in MH |
15mm |
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McFarland Standard composition |
99.5mL 1% Sulfuric acid and 1.175% Barium chloride |
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CFU of McFarland standard |
1.5x10^8 |
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Incubating MH at >35C will not allow detection of? |
MRSA |
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Possible sources of error |
Innoculum size, and depth of agar |
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Too much moisture in MH can lead to? |
False resistant |
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Very dry MH agar can lead to? |
False sensitive |
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Indicator of improper disk storage |
Methicillin and penicillin |
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Long term Storage temp for antibiotics |
20C below in a non frost freezer |
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Working supply storage temp for antibiotic disks |
2-8C for 7 days |
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Antibiotics that have false sensitive result in acidic pH |
Tetracycline, Novobiocin, Methicillin |
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Antibiotics that have false sensitive result in alkaline pH |
Aminoglycosides and erythromycin |
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What do you measure using sulfonamides when there are 2 concentric zones? |
The outer zone |
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Type of microbial agent: penicillin |
Beta lactam, cell wall inhibitor |
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Type of microbial agent: cephalosporin |
Beta lactam, Cell wall inhibitor |
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Type of microbial agent: carbapenems |
Beta lactam, cell wall inhibitor |
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Type of microbial agent: monobactam |
Beta lactam, cell wall inhibitor |
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Type of microbial agent: vancomycin |
Glycopeptides, cell wall inhibitor |
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Antibiotic used to treat MRSA |
Vancomycin |
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Type of microbial agent: cycloserine |
Cell wall inhibitors |
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Type of microbial agent: bacitracin |
Cell wall inhibitors |
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Type of microbial agent: colistin |
Cell membrane inhibitors |
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Type of microbial agent: polymyxins |
Cell membrane inhibitor |
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Type of microbial agent: amphoterucin B |
Cell membrane inhibitor |
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Type of microbial agent: nystatin |
Cell membrane inhibitor |
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Type of microbial agent: gentamicin |
Aminoglycoside, Protein inhibitors |
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Type of microbial agent: kanamycin |
Aminoglycosides, protein inhibitor |
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Type of microbial agent: tetracycline |
Protein inhibitor |
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Type of microbial agent: chloramphenicol |
Protein inhibitor |
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Type of microbial agent: erythromycin |
Macrolide, protein inhibitor |
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Type of microbial agent: clindamycin |
Macrolide, protein inhibitor |
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Type of microbial agent: azithromycin |
Macrolide, protein inhibitor |
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Type of microbial agent: sulfonamides |
Nucleic acid inhibitor |
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Type of microbial agent: trimetrophrim |
Nucleic acid inhibitor |
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Type of microbial agent: ciprofloxacin |
Quinolone, nucleic acid inhibitor |
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Type of microbial agent: norfloxacin |
Quinolones, nucleic acid inhibitor |
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Type of microbial agent: rifampicin |
Nucleic acid inhibitor |
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Type of microbial agent: nitrofurantoin |
Protein and nucleic acid inhibitor |
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Drug used for UTI |
Nitrofurantoin |
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Drug that should not be used for P. aeruginosa |
Sulfonamides |
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Drug that can lead to bone marrow supression in the long run |
Chloramphenicol |
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Drug used for intracellular organisms |
Tetracycline |
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Drugs against gram neg bacteria |
Colistin, polymyxins |
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Antifungal drugs |
Amphotericin B, and Nystatin |
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Bacteriostatic antimicrobials |
Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, sulfronamides |
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Bacteridal antimicrobials |
Vancomycin, aminoglycosides, B-lactams, and quinolones |
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D test detects? |
Inducible Clindamycin resistance |
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Positive result for D test |
Blunting on the clindamycin to form a D pattern |
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What does inducible clindamycin mean? |
Some isolates of S. aureus are in vivo resistant to erythromycin and susceptible to clindamycin in vitro |
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What is E test for? |
An alternative susceptibility test for fastidious organisms and anaerobes |
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E test principle |
Uses a strip with varying concentrations of antibiotic along its length |
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Positive result in e test |
Elliptical growth of inhibition |
