Bacteriology Introduction Ajfb

Contains all genes essential for viability and exists as a double-stranded, closed circular, naked macromolecule

Miniature chromosomes, double-stranded, closed, circular

Do not encode for products essential for viability

Genes for movement along the Chromosome/plasmid as well as for

Drug Resistance and Toxins

Change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within organism's genome

Acquiring free DNA from the environment

Acquiring DNA from Bacteriophage

Transfer of DNA from Sex Pilus

DNA from one bacterial cell enters second bacterial cell and is exchanged with a DNA segment of a recipient's genome

Needed for Recombination

Smallest Bacteria

0.2 um

Largest Bacteria

10 um

Smallest Pathogenic Bacteria

Largest pathogenic bacteria

Polysaccharide coating secreted by many bacteria

Covers surfaces like a film allows the bacteria to adhere firmly to various structures

Anti-phagocytic Structure firmly attached to the cell wall

Determinant of Virulence

Bacteria w/ slime layer which is a common blood bottle contaminant

Aggregate of slime layer

Chemical Communication within a Biofilm

Gold Standard for Quorum Sensing

Neufeld-Quellang Reaction for capsule is replaced by

Peptidoglycan or Murein Layer

For Cell shape and Strength

Withstand changes in environmental osmotic pressures

Cell Wall is composed of

Acid Fast: Maginification for Screening

Acid Fast: Magnification for Confirmatory

Gram Stain: Magnification for Screening

Gram Pos Organism Color

Gram Neg color

Acid Fast Organism Color

Non-acid Fast Organism Color

Counterstain in Modified Acid Fast Staining

Endospore is composed of

Bacterial genera with spores

Test to recover and identify Clostridium spp. from mixed population of organisms

Fluorochrome Stain for

Nucleic Acid

Fluorochrome Stain for

Chitin in

fungal cell wall

Stain for

Fungal Cell Wall

Major Pathway in conversion of glucose to pyruvate

Anaerobic; does not require oxygen

Pathway in which conversion of glucose to ribulose-5-phosphate takes place

The Entner- Doudoroff Pathway converts glucose-6-phosohate to

Reagent in Limulus Lysate Test

The Plan that identifies tasks that are hazardous to employees and promotes employee safety

Dry Heat: Used for sterilizing loops and needles

Dry Heat: Used for

1. Glasswares

2. Certain metals

3. Oils

4. Petroleum

5. Powders

Dry Heat:

Most common method of treating infectious waste

Prions

Dry Heat:

Used for controlling Diseases

Method of Choice for

1. Antibiotic solutions

2. Toxic chemicals

3. Radioisotopes

4. Vaccines

5. Carbohydrates

Short Wavelength

High Energy

Gamma Rays

QUALITY CONTROL:

1. Autoclave

2. Ionizing Radiation

3. Dry Heat Oven

4. Ethylene Glycol

Eye drop solution containing

1% Silver Nitrate

placed in the eyes of newborn to prevent infection with

N. gonorrhoea

(Opthalmia Neonatorum)

Used to disinfect bench tops or other surfaces in the laboratory

Low toxicity

Rapidly inactivated by organic matter

Denature

Proteins

Disrupts Cell Membranes

Open-fronted, negative pressure, ventilated cabinets

Unsterilized room air enters and circulates within the cabinet, and exhaust air from the cabinet is filtered by HEPA Filter

Sterilize both air entering and circulating the cabinet and exhaust air

Used by most hospital microbiology laboratories

Laminar Flow Biosafety Cabinet

BSC which provides the highest level of safety

All air entering and leaving the cabinet is sterilized with HEPA Filter

70% air recirculated through

HEPA

Exhuast through HEPA

30% air recirculated through HEPA

Exhaust via HEPA and Hard-ducted

BSC with no recirculation

Total exhaust via HEPA and Hard- Ducted

WHITE in NFPA Diamond

Specimens should be collected

Commercial transport system used for

N. gonorrhoea

specimens

Multi-purpose transport media

Transport medium for Respiratory Samples

Transport medium for

S. agalactiae

vaginal swab

1. Hanks Balanced Salt Solution with Bovine Albumin

2. Stuart Transport Media

3. Leibovitz-Emory Media

These are used for

Added to the CM to

absorb fatty acids

present in the specimen that could kill fastidious (fragile) organisms

Preservative for

Ova & Parasite Exam

Actions of

0.025%

Sodium

Polyanethol Sulfonate

(SPS)

Anticoagulant often used for

Viral Cultures

and isolation of

Mycobacterium spp.

from Blood

Common Disinfectant in the venipuncture site for blood specimens

Most Abundant

normal flora in

Throat and

Nasopharyngeal Specimen

Most common

pathogen in

Throat and

Nasopharyngeal Specimen

Nasopharyngeal Swab for

B. pertussis

is cultured on

Nasopharyngeal Swab for

MRSA

is cultured on

Nasopharyngeal Swab for

H. influenzae

is cultured on

Hepa B Virus has not been isolated in ____________ specimen

Aerosol-Induced specimens are collected by allowing patients to breathe aerosolized droplets of a solution containing

According to

Bartlett's Classification

an acceptable specimen for sputum should have a count of

Urine specimen for

Anaerobic Culture

Stool collection if

Bacterial Infection

is suspected

Stool collection if

Parasitic Infection

is suspected

Swab suitable for

Genital Specimens

Vaginal Normal Flora during Childbearing Years

Vaginal Normal Flora

earlier and

later in life

GIT Specimen for

Rapid Urease Test and

culture for H. pylori

GIT Specimen collected early in the morning before rising and having First Meal

Superficial

Lesion

Wound

Abscess

Specimen procedure

Deep

Wound

Lesion

Abscess

Specimen procedure

Bacterial growth factor needed for synthesis of cellular components and generation of ATP

Bacterial growth factor for synthesis of

Proteins

RNA & DNA

Grow under reduced oxygen and increased CO2

5-10% O2

8-10% CO2

Requires increased concentrations of CO2

15% O2

5-10% CO2

Cannot grow in the presence of Oxygen

0% O2

5-10% CO2

Organisms that grows in

<10C

Cold Enrichment Medium

Organisms that grows in 50-55C

Most clinically relevant bacteria prefer a pH of

Organisms that grows in

pH 3

Organisms that grows in

pH range of 8-10

Little or No Multiplication

Adjustment Period

Organisms grow at maximum rate (exponential rate)

Most metabolically Active

Most sensitive to antimicrobials

Growth ceases

Nutrients are exhausted or toxic metabolic products have accumulated

# of Living Organisms = # of Dead

Viable Count decraeses

# dead organisms > # of living

Smallest Concentration that inhibits growth of the bacteria

Lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent that kills at least 99.9% of the bacteria in the original Innoculum

Disk Diffusion

is also referred to as

In Kirby-Bauer _______ agar is used with a depth of ________ and a pH of _______

Increased Thymidine in Kirby-Bauer causes

In Kirby-Bauer

25 mg/L Calcium and

12.5 mg/L of Magnesium is used

If Ca and Mg is Increased it causes

Causes of

False Resistance in

Kirby-Bauer

Causes of

False Sensitive in

Kirby-Bauer

Decolorizer in Fluorescent Acid Fast Staining

Decolorizer in Modified acid Fast staining

Primary Stains in Fluorescent Acid Fast Staining

Cell inclusion seen in C. diptheriae

Cell inclusion seen in M. tb

Cell inclusion seen in Y. pestis

Cell inclusion seen in Nocardia & Actinomyces

A selectively permeable membrane

Site for energy pxn and metabolism

Outer Membrane contains:

3 Regions of Lipopolysaccharide

Triad of Symptoms caused by Lipid A Moiety

Consists of gel-like substances that help secure nutrients from environment

Point of attachment of chromosomes

Site of protein synthesis

Highly Resistant to dessication, heat, and chemical agents

Resting Cell

Terminal Spore

2 Types of Pili

Responsible for bacterial motility

Motility is best seen at

No Flagellum

Flagella all over the organism

Tuft of Flagella at one or both poles

Single Flagellum on one pole

Single Flagellum on each pole

Flagellar Arrangement of All Cocci

Organism with Periplasmic Flagella/ Axial Filaments/Endoflagella

Darting Motility

Capnocytophaga motility

Twitching motility

Listeria motility

Rapid Darting/Shooting Star Motility

Umbrella/Inverted X-mas Tree appearance on SIM

Test Tube Brush appearance on SIM

Anaerobic process carried out by both obligate and facultative anaerobes

An efficient generating process in which molecular oxygen is the final electron acceptor

Bacteria produces iron-binding compounds called

Ability of a Microbe to produce disease in a susceptible individual

Relative ability of a microorganism to cause disease or the degree of pathogenicity

Provide Microorganisms with capacity to avoid host defenses and damage host cells, tissues, and organs

Virulence Factors: Enzymes

General toxin Common to almost all Gram-negative bacteria

Toxin produced by Living Bacteria

Heat Labile Toxin

Test fo Endotoxin

STANDARD PRECAUTION

Post Exposure Investigation is done by

5 Most Common Lab-acquired Infections

Process whereby all forms of microbial life including spores, are killed

Most effective method of sterilization and waste disposal

Intermitted discontinous sterilization

Uses Arnold Sterilizer

Thickening through evaporation

Used for CM with Inc Proteins

(LJ, Loeffler's)

Air Filter

Remove organisms larger than O. 3 um from isolation rooms, OR's', BSC

Most common chemical sterilant

Cold Sterilization

Sterilize HEPA Filters in BSCs

Sporocidal chemical sterilant which kills spores in 3-10 hrs

Also a Cold Sterilant

Used for surface Sterilization of surgical instruments

Process whereby pathogenic organisms, but not necessarily all microorganisms or spores are destroyed

Physical Disinfectant which kills vegetative Bacteria

Physical Disinfectant used in the food industry

Kills milk-borne pathogens

Physical Disinfectant

Long wavelength

Low Energy

UV Rays

Effectiveness of Alcohol as Disinfectant

Chemical Disinfectant that kills Endospores and is toxic to humans

Halogens that are frequently used as disinfectants

Most common compound used for skin disinfection before drawing blood specimen for culture or surgery

Chorine is most often used in the form of

Expression of the bactericidal power of a particular substance compared to pure Phenol

Have no Known potential of infecting healthy people

Common clinical pathogens in blood and body fluids

Exotic Viruses that pose life-threatening risks are transmitted via aerosols and does not have available vaccine or therapy

Airborne

Viruses unlikely to be encountered in a routine clinical Laboratory

YELLOW in NFPA Diamond

BLUE in NFPA Diamond

Red in NFPA Diamond

Specimens for microbiology cultures should be collected in Sterile Containers except

Specimens should be transported to the laboratory within

Transport medium for Stool Pathogens

Urine preservative

Highest concentration of Microbe is found during

Neutralizes Antimicrobials

Remove antimicrobials before Culture

Blood volume to be collected per set in adults

CDC Recommended follow up Test for Stool specimens

Organisms that grow on ambient air which contains

21% O2

0.03% CO2

Organisms that grows in 20-40C

Best: 30-37C

Standard in Kirby-Bauer Sensitivity Test

Antibiotic Disk used in Kirby-Bauer measures

In Kirby-Bauer LOW pH causes

Agar used for

S. pneumoniae

in Kirby-Bauer

Agar used for

MRSA

In Kirby-Bauer

Agar used for

N. meningitidis

In Kirby-Bauer

Agar used for

Mycobacteria

In Kirby-Bauer

What is added to MHA for it to become Haemophilus Test Medium (HTM) used for H. influenzae in Kirby-Bauer

What are the indicators for Improper Storage of Disk used in Kirby-Bauer

Test which uses thin plastic test strips impregnated on the undersurface with an antimicrobial conc gradient and marked on the upper surface with a Conc index or scale

Test used to differentiate Inducible Clindamycin Resistance among S. aureus resulting from efflux