Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Adrenal Cortex Steroid Secretions
|
Aldosterone Glucocorticoids Sex Hormones |
|
|
Glucocorticoids
|
Increase plasma glucose concentrations Cortisol is main glucocorticoid secreted. |
|
|
Pathway for Control of Cortisol
|
Stimulus: Circadian Rhythm & Stress Hypothalamus -> Corticotropin RH Anterior pituitary -> Adrenocorticotropic hormon Adrenal Cortex -> Cortisol - (-) feedback to anterior pit and hypothalamus Cortisol acts on: - immune sys, liver, muscle, adipose tiss |
|
|
Cortisol
|
Promotes gluconeogenesis Catabolyzes skeletal muscle protein Enhances lipolysis Suppresses immune system Causes (-) Ca balance Influences brain fxn |
|
|
Cortisol as Therapeutic Drug
|
Suppress immune system Inhibits inflammatory response - allergy response - organ transplant |
|
|
Hypercortisolism
|
Excess gluconeogenesis Hyperglycemia Muscle catabolism and lipolysis (extra fat at deposited at trunk) |
|
|
Hypocortisolism
|
HypoglycemiaRare
|
|
|
Thyroid Gland
|
Secretes: calcitonin (Ca balance) thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) |
|
|
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
|
Iodine enters thyroid cell via Na symport Thyroglobulin enters colloid Iodine enters colloid Iodine added to tyrosine-> T3 and T4 Thyroglobulin back into cell w/ T3/4 T3 and T4 separate Enter bld streem |
|
|
Thyroglobulin
|
Allows T3 and T4 to be stored in colloid
|
|
|
Thyroid Hormone Function
|
Long term effects on metabolism Required for normal growth and development Essential for NS development |
|
|
Thyroid Hormone Control Pathway
|
Hypothalamus -> Tonic release of Thyrotropin-RH Ant Pituitary -> thyroid stim hormone Thyroid Gland -> T3, T4 - (-) feedback |
|
|
Hyperthyroidism
|
Increased metabolism Increased protein catabolism Nervous system (hyperexcitable reflexes) Heart effects (rapid HR) |
|
|
Hypothydroidism
|
Decreased metabolismDecreased protein synthesisNervous system (slowed reflexes)Decreased HR
|
|
|
4 Factors Affecting Growth
|
1) Growth hormone and other hormones 2) Adequate diet 3) Absence of chronic stress 4) Genetic potential |
|
|
Growth Hormone Functions
|
Increase plasma glucose (nrg) Increase bone and muscle growth Stims protein synthesis Stims liver to secrete IGFs - IGFs stim cartilage growth |
|
|
Growth Hormone Secretion Pathway
|
Stimulus: Circ Rhythm, stress and cortisol & fasting Hypothalamus-> Growth hormone RH (+), somatostatin (-) Ant Pituitary-> Growth Hormone Liver & other tissue -> IGFs (-) feedback Cart growth, increase bld glucose, bone and tiss growth |
|
|
Importance of Growth Hormone
|
Bone and tissue growth Protein synthesis Increased blood glucose IGF -> cartilage growth |
|
|
Osteogenesis v. Calcification
|
Osteogenesis: formation of bone Calcification: depositing of minerals into bone |
|
|
2 Types of Osteogenesis
|
2 Types of Bone Growth: 1) Intramembranous Ossification: dermal bone 2) Endochondral Ossification: long bone - begins w/ formation of cartilage which is then replaced w/ bone |
|
|
Endochondral Ossification
|
Long bone growth. Begins w/ hypertrophy of hyaline cartilage Converted to bone - osteoprogenitor cells - mesenchymal cells - osteoblasts |
|
|
Calcium Pools of the Body
|
Extracellular Ca: 0.1% Intracellular Ca: 0.9% W/in bone matrix: 99% |
|
|
Importance of Ca2+ in the Body
|
1) signal molecule (neuroxmitters, muscle contraction) 2) intercellular cement holding cells together 3) cofactor in coagulation cascade 4) plasma Ca2+ concentrations affect excitability of neurons 5) 99% of bodies stores in bone |
|
|
Hormonal Control of Ca Balance
|
Parathyroid Hormone - released when plasma [Ca] low - resorption of Ca from bone - enhances renal reabsorption of Ca - stims Calcitriol release (intestinal absorption) Calcitonin - released when plasma [Ca] high - decreases bone resorption, increase deposit - increases renal Ca excretion |
