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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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store and transmit genetic information
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DNA
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Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of ____.
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nucleotides
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Deoxyribose is a type of ____.
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sugar
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According to the base pairing rules, in DNA, adenine always pairs with___.
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thymine
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According to the base pairing rules, in DNA, cytosine always pairs with___.
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guanine
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enzyme that is responsible for separating the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen-containing bases of DNA
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helicases
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nitrogen base that is found in RNA but not in DNA
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uracil
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DNA-double strand; contains thymine; RNA- single strand; contains uracil, not thymine
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differences between DNA and RNA
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nitrogen base that pairs with adenine in RNA
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uracil
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messenger, transfer, ribosomal
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RNA
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3 letter code of mRNA that specifies for a specific amino acid
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codon
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type of RNA actually responsible for producing proteins
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tRNA
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3 letter code of tRNA that are complementary to mRNA
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anti-codon
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process by which DNA copies itself
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replication
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site of DNA replication within a cell
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nucleus
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What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
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- A sugar called deoxyribose
- a phosphate group made of phosphorus and oxygen - a nitrogen-containing base |
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If one strand of DNA was ATCGACTCC, what would the other strand be?
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GATCTGAGG
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If a DNA molecule unravels, a mRNA codes of the single strand of DNA, ATCGCC, what will the mRNA be?
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UAGCGG
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If the mRNA is UAGCGG, what will the transfer RNA be?
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AUCGCC
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Actual site of production of proteins
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ribosomes
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enzyme responsible for proofreading new strands of DNA
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polymerase
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change is a DNA sequence during replication
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mutation
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substance that is matched with mRNA codons
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tRNA
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sequences of amino acids code for specific ???
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proteins
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Why is protein synthesis so vital to cells?
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it determines the structure and function of the cell
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science of grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history
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Taxonomy
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scientist who developed the system of classifying organisms by assigning then a genus and species name
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Carolus Linnaeus
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genus name of organism called Quercus phellos
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Quercus
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species name of organism called Quercus phellos
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phellos
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True or false-- The scientific name of an organism is the same for scientists all over the world.
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True
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what language is used for scientific names?
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Latin
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What is the correct order of biological hierarchy from kingdom to species?
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Kingdom, Phylum/Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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What is the lowest hierarchy level in biological classification?
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Species
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Which of the following is the least inclusive classification group?
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Kingdom
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Which kingdom contains nearly all single-celled eukaryotes that are either heterotrophic or photosynthetic?
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Protista
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Which kingdom contains mostly multicellular, nucleated autotrophs that carry on photosynthetic?
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Plantae
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Which kingdom contains multicellular, nucleated heterotrophs that obtain food by absorbing nutrients?
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Fungi
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Which kingdom contains simple, prokaryotic organisms that are found in salty lakes and/or hot springs?
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Archaebacteria
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Kingdom animalia is divided into phyla. How is the kingdom of plants divided?
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Division
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amoeba, algae, and euglena belong to the kingdom ___
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Protista
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salmonella, e. coli, and staphylococcus belong to the kingdom ___
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Eubacteria
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mushroom, mold, and mildew belong to the kingdom ___
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Fungi
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thermoacidophile, halophiles, and methanogens belong to the kingdom ___
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Archaebacteria
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mosses, grasses, trees
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Plantae
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Kingdom to which humans belong?
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Animalia
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Phylum to which humans belong?
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Chordata
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Class to which humans belong?
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Mammalia
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Order to which humans belong?
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Primates
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Family to which humans belong?
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Hominidae
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Genus to which humans belong?
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Homo
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Species to which humans belong?
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sapiens
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classification process using distinguishing statements
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Dichotomous Key
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Why have millions of archaebacteria not be identified?
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They live in unreachable, extreme, harsh enviroments
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includes worms, such as leeches, earthworms
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Animalia
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Bacteria that causes strep throat
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Streptococci (Gram +)
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type of archaebacteria that lives near hot springs and volcanic vents
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Thermoacidophiles
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type of spiral shaped bacteria that causes syphilis
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Spirochetes
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type of archaebacteria found in abundance in the Dead Sea
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Halophiles
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type of archaebacteria found in higly acidic conditions
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Thermoacidophiles
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once classified as blue-green algae; thrive on phosphates and nitrates; lacks a nucleus
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Cyanobacteria
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type of archaebacteria that converts hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane
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Methanogens
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type of archaebacteria found in environments with high temperatures
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Thermoacidophiles
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Type of archaebacteria that uses salts to produce ATP
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Halophiles
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Kingdom to which the majority of bacteria belong
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Eubacteria
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Type of bacteria that retains a purple coloration after staining
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Gram +
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study of diseases
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Pathology
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Type of drugs that control bacterial infections by stopping cell metabolism
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Sulfa Drug
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gram negative bacteria that get energy from minerals to produce own food
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Proteobacteria Chemoautotrophs
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Anaerobes cannot live in the presence of ???
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oxygen
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show diff reactions to antibiotics, disinfectants, and toxins
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Gram Staining
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Example of a gram-positive bacteria that grows in the ground and produces antibiotics
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Actinomycetes
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Example of bacteria in the roots of plants such as clover and beans; produces natural fertilizers
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Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria; Proteobacteria
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Rod-shaped bacteria that causes tooth decay
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Lactobacilli
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Type of drug that interrupts bacterial invasion by stopping cell wall synthesis; used against gram + bacteria
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Penicillin
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Type of drug used to treat gram-negative bacteria
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Streptomycin
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Example of food produces by bacteria
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Sour cream, buttermilk, yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, pickles
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Type of bacteria that is rod-shaped and in clusters
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Staphylobacilli
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Type of antibiotic used on a wide variety of organisms
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Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
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Type of medicine used to treat gram-positive bacteria
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Penicillin
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bacteria that must have oxygen to survive
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Heterotrophic?
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environmental clean up, food production, medicines, digestion of food, sewage treament, oil spills, kill pests
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Positive ways bacteria can help us
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Type of bacteria that is round and in chains
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Streptococci
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Type of bacteria that is round and in clusters
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Staphylococci
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Type of bacteria that is rod-shaped and in chains
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Streptobacilli
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bacteria in yogurt
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Lactobacilli; Gram + bacteria
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they do not have cells, do not maintain homestasis, and they cannot grow on their own.
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Virus
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they are active in living things
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Viruses
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protective outer coat of a virus
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Capsid
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substance that makes up the membranous envelope that surrounds some viruses
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Lipids
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structures found on the envelopes of some viruses; used for attachment to host
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Glycoprotein spikes
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hepatitis, rabies, shingles, chickenpox, mumps, measles, flu, cold, HIV, HPV
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Viral diseases
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cervical cancer (HPV), liver cancer (hepatitis), leukemia
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Cancers associated with viruses
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virus with 20 triangular faces
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Icosahedron
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viruses can reproduce only when in a ___.
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host cell
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type of vaccine that contains a dormant form of a virus
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inactivated
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presence of capsid, single or double strand of nucleic acid, presence of RNA or DNA
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(Grouping) Virus(es)
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vaccine that contains a genetically altered virus
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Attenuated Virus
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preparation of pathogens that stimualte the body's immunity
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Vaccine
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Term used to describe viruses that are shaped like coiled springs
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Helix
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study of viruses
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Virology
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causes mad cow disease; abnormal forms of proteins that clump together in cells
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Prions
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disease caused by HIV
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Aids
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examples of emerging viruses
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Hanta virus, Ebola
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virus that spreads to humans from animal bites
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Rabies
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virus type that causes chickenpox, shingles, and fever blisters
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Herpes
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virus that causes paralysis; Salk created a vaccine against it
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Polio
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Why are viral infections not treated with antibiotics?
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Viruses don't have cell functions and antibiotics stop the way a cell functions
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Why are antiviral medicines prescribed?
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helps symptoms of viruses
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Cycle in which a virus infects a host cell, replicates, and then kills the host and spreads
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Lyctic Cycle
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cycle in which a virus infects a host cell, replicates, but does not kill the host immediately
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Lysogenic Cycle
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