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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Photosynthesis
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The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds
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occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes.
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Autotrophs
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Organisms that sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other living beings. They use energy from the sun or from oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules
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Heterotrophs
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An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them.
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Mesophyll
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Leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis.
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stoma(ta)
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Microscopic pore(s) surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows the exchange of gases
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stroma
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The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA. involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water
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thylakoid(s)
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A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes convert light energy to chemical energy.
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Chlorophyll
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The green pigments that gives leaves their color, residing in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
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Light Reactions
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The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These rxns convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process
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The Calvin Cycle
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The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.
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Photo-phosphorylation
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The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis. using a proton-motive force generated across the membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis.
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Carbon Fixation
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The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism
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wavelength
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The distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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The entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer
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"Visible Light" spectrum
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That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm
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Photons
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A discrete quantity of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle.
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Spectrophotometer
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An instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution.
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Absorption Spectrum
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A graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength
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Chlorophyll a
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The key light-capturing pigment that participates directly in the light rxns
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Chlorophyll b
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An accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a.
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action spectrum
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A graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process
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Carotenoids
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hydrocarbons that are various shades of yellow and orange because they absorb violent and blue-green light
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A photosystem
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A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes
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light harvesting complex
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A complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem
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primary electron acceptor
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a specialized molecule that shares the reaction-center complex with a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and that accepts an electron from them.
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Photosystem ll
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One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast’s thylakoid membrane that cooperate in the light rxns of photosynthesis
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occurs 1st, but was discovered last
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photosystem l
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A light-capturing unit in a chloroplast’s thylakoid membrane or in the membrane.occurs after photosystem ll
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Linear electron flow
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A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystems (I and II) and produces ATP, NADPH, and O2.
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Cyclic electron flow
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An alternative path of electron flow that photoexcited electrons use, where they go through photosystem l but not photosystem ll
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glyceraldhyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
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A 3 carbon sugar that is produced directly from the Calvin cycle
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Rubisco
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The enzyme that normally catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle
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C3 plants
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A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material
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photorespiration
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A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output.
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C4 plants
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A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle
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Bundle-sheath cell
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In C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf. Co2 is released and enters the calvin cycle from this cell
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CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism)
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In this process, a plant takes up CO2 and incorporates it into a variety of organic acids at night; during the day, CO2 is released from organic acids for use in the Calvin cycle
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