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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
circulatory fluid
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blood or hemolymph
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tissues
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groups of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism
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4 types of animal tissue
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1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue 3. Nervous tissue 4. Muscle tissue |
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epithelial tissue Lines
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Cover the body
Gastro intesanal track Respiratory track Urinary track Lumen - is the inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine Plura - membranes surrounds the lungs Pericardium - Surrounds the Heart Perineum - Surrounds the Gut Exocrine glands - Ducts (sweat glands) Endocrine - Internally secretes to the body |
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what are the 6 types of epithelial tissue
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Stratified columnar Simple columnar Stratified squamous Simple squamous Cuboidal |
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pseudostratisfied layer epithelial tissue
look , function and location |
A single layer of cells that vary in height (looks like more than one layer)
for beating Cilia move mucus along surface and found in the nasal passage and trachea and the bronchi |
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simple columnar epithelium tissue
look , function and location |
One layer of epithelial tissue
Looks like a large columnsFor lining, secrete digestive juices and absorbs nutrients and found in the intestines and stomachcommon in the body |
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simple squamous epithelium tissue
look , function and location |
Exchange of material by diffusion (thin and leaky) and found in blood vessels alveoli of the lung
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stratified columnar epithelium tissue
function and location |
Lining and found in the urethra (urinary bladder)
Rare in the body |
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stratified squamous epithelium
look , function and location |
Looks like a block of stacked tiles on the floor
for multiple layer epithelial tissue for rapid regeneration cells and found on surface subject to abrasion (outer skin) *If it is in the surface it is karotanize if in the vagina, inside cheek (anywhere for ware and tare) |
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basal surface of epithelial cells
and apical surface |
Basal surface is at the bottom of the cell layer and apical is at the top
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cuboidal epithelium tissue
look , function and location |
Looks like a cube
Nucleus right in the centerfor secretion and found in the Kidney tubules and glands (thyroid and salivary glands) |
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classification of lining of the surface Epithelial Tissue (How are they named
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By the number of cell layers (top layer) and shape
Certain types of epithelia have things attach to it such as Cilla or Carotin |
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where is epithelial Tissue found and function
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Tissues that cover the internal and external surfaces of the body. The cells of which are held together with specialized structures such as tight junctions. (tightly packed)
They are for protection and prevent fluid loss |
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connective tissue aka supportive tissue
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Connective tissue is a supportive tissue consisting of a relatively few cells scattered among a great deal of extracellular material (matrix),
They do all kinds of things |
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connective tissue are found in (includes)
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adipose tissue (fat),
bone, cartilage, the dermis of the skin (under the epithelium), tendons, ligaments, and blood (non fluid part). |
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fibrous connective tissue function
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Attach muscles to bone (tendon); join bones together at joints (ligament)
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dense connective tissue
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when the cologen fibers are tightly packed together
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fibroblasts
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Secrete fibers that are made out of proteins
connective tissue cells that produce fibrous components of extracellular matrix like collagen and elastin |
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collagenous fibers
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Strong and flexible connective tissue fibers that contain the protein collagen
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reticular fibers
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join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
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elastic fibers
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Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue
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loose connective tissue
Cell type and function |
There are more space between the cell and the fiber
The most widespread connective tissue in the vertebrate body. It binds epithelia to underlying tissues and functions as packing material, holding organs in place. Cell type: Fibroblast Macrophagefunction: Secrete protein of extracellular fibers, Cleanup and defense |
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What are the 6 connective tissue type
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Adipose
Bone Blood Cartilage Loose connective Fibrous connective |
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Fibrous connective tissue
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A dense tissue with large numbers of collagenous fibers organized into parallel bundles. This is the dominant tissue in tendons and ligaments.
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bone
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rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates
cell type: Osteoblast function: Body support (of most vertebrates) |
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adipose tissue
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a kind of body tissue containing stored fat that serves as a source of energy
adipose cell type |
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cartilage
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strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone
Cell type: Chondrocytes Function: Secrete collagen, strong/flexible support |
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Blood
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Cell type: White blood cells, Red blood cells Platelets
Function: Immunity, Gas transport, Blood clotting |
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Muscle tissue
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Tissue consisting of long muscle cells that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses.
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what are the 3 types of muscle tissue
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skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
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Skeletal muscle tissue
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Function: Voluntary movements of the body and found Throughout the body, especially associated with limbs
(striated) Nuclei are the edge of the cell |
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Smooth muscle
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For: Involuntary body actions and found In walls of internal organs (e.g., digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries)
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Cardiac muscle
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Heart contraction and found in the heart
not so striated |
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Muscle tissue structure and function
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Long contractile cells
Movement which accounts for much of the energy-consuming work in an active animal |
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nervous tissue
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A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.
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neurons
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Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.
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Glia
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cells that support, nurture, and insulate neurons, remove debris when neurons die, enhance the formation and maintenance of neural connections, and modify neuronal functioning
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Hormones
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chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another
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homeostasis
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*Keeps the internal environment stable
metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes |
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set point
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tells what a particular value should be
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negative feedback
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A system that maintain a constant level and if it goes to low or too high, it works the opposite way to bring it back towards the set point
*defends the set point *a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus |
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positive feedback
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amplifies the response away the set point
exp: woman to going to labor, blood clotting or the increase rise in vital signs during fight or flight response A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change. |
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circadian rythm
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the biological clock; regular bodily rythms (for example, of tempeture and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle.
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acclimatization
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adaptation to a new climate (a new temperature or altitude or environment)
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thermoregulation
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the maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently.
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integumentary system
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organ system that includes hair, skin, and nails and protects the body from pathogens and maintains homeostasis
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conduction
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the direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching
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convection
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the transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of a liquid or air past a surface. ("wind-chill factor") Exp: Fan on a hot day
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countercurrent heat exchange
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*the mixing of the cold blood with the warm blood.
Exp: a dolphin's fin is thin and does not have much fat on it because they need to be light to swim fast, so when swimming in a cold water ocean, the blood from it's fins are cold but when it it's flowing back to the core system of the dolphin, it's mixed with the warm blood, so overall, the cold blood coming back into the system is not as cold |
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acclimatization
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Physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor
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bioenergetics
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(1) The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism. (2) The study of how energy flows through organisms.
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metabolic rate
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the amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time
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basal metabolic rate
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when the body is at rest, the rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration
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Standard metabolic rate
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The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and nonstressed ectotherm.
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torpor
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a state of motor and mental inactivity with a partial suspension of sensibility
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Hibernation
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the torpid or resting state in which some animals pass the winter
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digestive system
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*main components: mouth, pharnyx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus
*main functions: food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination) |
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circulatory system
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*main components: heart, blood vessels, blood
*main functions: internal distribution of minerals |
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respiratory system
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*main components: lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes
*main functions: gas exchange (uptake of oxygen, disposal of carbon dioxide) |
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immune and lymphatic system
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*main components: bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells
*main functions: body defense (fighting infections of diseases) |
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excretory system
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*main components: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
*main functions: disposal of metabolic wastes; regulation of osmotic balance of blood |
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endocrine system
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*main components: pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and other hormone-secreting glands
*main functions: coordination of body activities (digestion and metabolism) |
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reproductive system
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main components: ovaries and testes and associated organs
main functions: reproduction |
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nervous system
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brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
coordination of body activites; detection of stimuli and formation of responses to them |
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integumentary system
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skin and its derivatives (hair, skin, claws)protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration, thermoregulations, skin)
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skeletal system
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skeleton (bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage) body support, protection of internal organs, movement
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muscular system
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skeletal muscles
locomotion and other movement |
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Rate of exchange (how fast it's coming across) is proportional to
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to a cell's surface area
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amount of exchange material is proportional to
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a cell's volume (How thick it is)
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Intracellular fluid
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the fluid inside of the cell Makes up about 2/3 of the total body fluid
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Interstitial fluid (or tissue fluid) fluid
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The fluid of the outside of the cells (bathe the cell)
main component of the extracellular fluid |
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plasma fluid
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the fluid part of the blood
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extracellular fluid fluid
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Interstitial fluid and the plasma and the plasma
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our internal environment consist of/is
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the extracellular fluid (interstitial and plasma combined)
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homeostasis is regulated by
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the nervous system (set point previously coded genes)
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changing an organisms temperature changes
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the organism's metabolism (rate of reaction) / enzymes
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Ectotherm
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gain most of their heat from external sources
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Endotherm
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bodies warmed by heat generated via metabolism (internal)
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Poikilotherm
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body temperature varies with its environment (most of them are Ectotherm because usually the environmental temperature are similar to it's own body temp)
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Homeotherm
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has a relatively constant body temperature
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radiation
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(the sun) emission of EM (electromagnetic) waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero
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Vasodilation blood flow
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dilate (gets bigger)
Increases flow of blood to skin and transfer of body heat to the environment |
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Vasoconstriction blood flow
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Constrict (gets tighter/smaller)
Decreases flow of blood to skin and body heat is conserved |