Cast Iron Fiberglass Glass Lead And Historic Piping

A cast iron made by adding an inoculate, usually magnesium, to provide extra strength, toughness, and durability.

Good qualities of cast iron remain; machinability and corrosion resistance.

Although it's chemical properties are the same as cast iron, ductile iron incorporates casting refinements, additional metallurgical processes and superior quality control.

Ductile iron also differs from cast iron in that it's graphite form is spheroidal or nodular instead of the flake form found in cast iron.

Mechanical joint pipe and fittings that use a rubber or neoprene gasket that uses one of 2 tightening arrangements;

Corrugated stainless steel sleeve with tightening clamps

The other one is just the tightening clamps.

It's defined as iron with a large quantity of carbon in it.

It's very brittle and NOT malleable in any temperature.

A good quality cast iron contains 3-4% and is derived from pig iron.

When this cast iron is fractured the edge has a character gray mottle indicating the presence of graphite flakes.

Most widely used of the cast irons.

>High resistance to wear

>Good corrosion resistance

>Poor resistance to shock (fractures easily)

>Cannot be bent

Used for DWV systems and is commonly called soil pipe

Carbon chemically dissolved into cast iron.

When fractured it reveals a white appearance.

Because the carbon forms a chemical bond with the iron the white iron is less brittle than gray iron and retains all the same properties.

When the chemical resistance of Gray cast iron is improved by adding small amounts of silicon to it.

It makes it much harder than gray cast but more brittle.

The carbon content is reduced to 0.85-1%

Resistant to sulphuric and nitric acids.

Expansion rate 3 times greater than GCI.

Distributed under duriron and corrosiron

Minimum weight of 4000lbs. Must be finished with corrosion resistance coating both inside and out.

Made in 3 types;

With no hub aka MJ soil pipe

With one hub end aka single hub pipe

With two hub ends aka double soul pipe

SHCISP

available in 2, 3, 4, 6" sizes and 5-10' lengths.

DHCISP.

2, 3, 4, 6" nominal sizes and 5' lengths

MJ soil pipe is joined by the use of mechanical joints and couplings.

Available in 1 1/2, 2, 3, and 4" nominal sizes and 10' lengths

When joining pipe and fittings that have a hub and spigot end use these methods;

Caulked lead joints make use of lead and oakum.

Cold caulked joints use materials such as PC4 and oakum.

Compression joints make use of an insert or ring that is forced into the hub by mechanical means.

Piping and fittings that have a plain end are connected using an MJ clamp.

Cast iron soil pipe and fittings may be used in sanitary and storm drainage systems above and below ground and in venting systems both above and below ground.

Ideal for joining hub and spigot where a degree of rigidity is required. Convenient where there is slight ground movement or piping is suspended within the building.

Main disadvantage is the special tools and equipment required. It's also very time consuming.

Any H&S joint in piping that is for liquid waste the spigot end of each pipe and fitting must be arranged in the direction of the flow

Oldest method of joining H&S cast iron pipe.

>Extremely rigid but has enough flexibility

>Very good sealing qualities. Repaired via recaulking.

>Excellent separation resistance. Temperature changes, slight ground movements, or velocity rarely affect it

Propane or kerosene lighter

Lead pot and pouring ladle

Yarning/packing iron

Outside and inside caulking irons

Asbestos running rope (pouring rope)

Snap cutters

Various hand tools

Caulking lead must be 99.73% pure and is available in 10lb notched bars and 25lb strings.

The first sign of overheating is the appearance of a dark purple colour on the surface of the lead.

When adding lead to the pot it's important that the lead be warm and free of moisture.

Cold lead or moisture on ladle when placed on hot lead can cause lead to explode

Cast iron soil pipe can be cut with a cast iron soil pipe snap cutter that has sharp hardened cutting wheels or by using a hammer and cold chisel.

Use a ball peen hammer before the joint is assembled to detect if the hub and spigot is cracked.

When inserting the spigot end of a pipe or fitting into a hub it's important to centre and bottom the spigot. This is to prevent oakum from being forced into the pipe where it may cause a blockage when the system is out to use

Use the outside iron and hammer to pound the oakum down til it's rigidly supported. Continue until oakum is 3/4 of an inch from the top of the hub.

The oakum retains molten lead, seals the joint, centers the pipe and gives the joint flexibility.

Allow 1" of space before packing the lead

The main function of the lead is to maintain compression of the oakum and provide the joint with permanent rigidity.

The amount of lead required in a joint is 3/4 pound per inch diameter.

It is common practice to pour vertical joints twice.

First poured 1/2 depth. Pounded down a quarter inch. Second pour is also 1/2 inch.

Poured only once so the oakum must be packed very firmly when the joint is yarned. This is to keep the decompression of the oakum to a minimum when lead is caulked

Before hammering allow to cool for 1-2 mins.

When hot lead is poured it expands the hub. Hammering before it contracts can greatly increase cracking the hub

philplug cold caulking compound cord

Same as lead but pc4 is used instead of lead.

It's a rope like material. Consists of cotton rope, polypropylene fibers and Portland cement.

Takes much less time because it's cold caulked. No melting or pouring and fewer tools & skill.

Flexibility is limited and it's a difficult joint to disassemble

2 types.

1 neoprene sleeve surrounded by stainless steel sheath. 2 screws on the side to tighten.

2 heavier specially designed neoprene sleeve. 2 stainless steel screw clamps fir into designed slots. Increased weight of the sleeve allows use with no sheath.

Have no pressure rating

Used in DWV

Coated inside and out with bitumen to up corrosion resistance

Joined by compression, mechanical or caulked.

Kimax glass is used for laboratory glassware and pipes. Produced from silica and boric acid

1/2", 3/4" 1" - 100 psi

1 1/2", 2", 3" - 75 psi

4" - 50 psi

Chemical

Pharmacy

Food

Dairy

Widely used for handling corrosive wastes from labs. Resistant to sulphuric, hydrofluoric, nitric and acetic acids.

Concentrated Hydrofluoric acid attacks glass pipe at all temperature

Product purity is assured

Transparency shows blockages

Easy disassembly

Heat resistance up to 450F

Made from glass fiber strands bonded with polyester and other resins and epoxies like furan and silicone.

Handle fluids up to 250F for short duration and 200F for long duration.

Chemical

Oil

Fertilizer

Beverage

Rubber

Butt and strap - most common and least costly.

Hub and spigot. Used for sewers and drains. Same and butt and strap but aligning is eliminated.

Flange - pipe end and flange are cleaned. Resin and catalyst is applied to both surfaces. Flange and fitting slide on to pipe end.

Watertight sheet of material between a pipe and roof.

Collector placed between a pipe to catch or prevent leakage.

Short peice of lead pipe

Ingots or pigs of lead are melted down in pot for lead caulking joints. Such as CIBS pipe.

Sheets - being very malleable ideal for watertight seals around pipes passing through roofs. (flashing)

Pipe - connect water closets and urinals to cast iron piping systems.

A pound of lead per square foot results in a sheet of lead 1/64 thick.

Flashings are 5lb lead so 5/64

Pipe is 8lb so 8/64 or 1/8

Was used for weeping tile, sewer lines, and in private disposal systems.

BFP.

Made of coal tar pitch and reinforced with cellose fibers.

Composed of 75% coal and 25% cellulose fibers.

Only certain types of clay can be used

Shaped under pressure, dried, and heated in kilns.

Useful in sewers and drains.

Only pipe that requires no special coatings.

Carry every known chemical in any state without harm. Except hydrofluoric acid.

Glazed in ceramic to never lose smoothness for life

3-5+ foot lengths

Fraction of the weight of cast iron. Uses same MJ clamps as cast iron.

2" to 4" in size and lengths of 12'

Manufactured from skelp.

Lead - lead burning, lead wiping, soldering, flaring.

BFP - bell and spigot ends joined via bitumen seal

Aluminum pipe - MJ clamps.

Clay pipe - had hub and spigot ends uses cement joints, bituminious joints, plastic joints, and mechanical joints.

Plumbers oakum consists of jute fibers and pine tar/creosote. It must be packed sufficiently into the joint to provide a watertight seal.