Chapter 13 Phsyiology

1) transportation

a. Respiratory gases, nutrients, and waste

2) regulation

a. Hormonal and temperature

i.e. water- ICF => interstitial fluid; temp => pH

3) protection

a. Clotting and immunity

I.e. infection, bleeding

Circulate the blood

Tissue type: connective epithelial tissue

Consist of:

Formed elements= WBC, RBC, PLT

Plasma

a. Heart: four-chambered pump

b. Blood vessels: arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

Lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues, lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes)

Leaving the heart; bright red, oxygenated except for blood going to the lungs

Entering the heart; dark red deoxygenated except for blood coming from the lungs

Creates Osmotic pressure to help draw water from tissues into the capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure.

*big protein

1) alpha and beta globulins - transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins

2) gamma globulins - antibodies that function in immunity.

Helps in clotting after becoming fibrin

1) serum - blood without fibrinogen

a. Regulatory mechanisms maintain plasma volume to maintain blood pressure.

b. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus cause the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland if fluid is lost.

a. Flattened, biconcave discs

b. Carry oxygen

c. Lack nuclei and mitochondria

d. Count - approx 5mil/mm blood

e. Have 120 day lifespan

f. Each contains about 280 million hemoglobin molecules

g. Iron heme is recycled from the liver and spleen; carried by transferrin in the blood to the red bone marrow

h. Anemia - abnormally low hemoglobin or RBC count

a. Have nuclei and mitochondria

b. Diapedesis- movement through the capillary wall into connective tissue

c. Count- approx 5k-9k/mm blood

e. Types of leukocytes: granular, agranular

1) granular leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

2) agranular leukocytes whole in monocytes and lymphocytes

Formed elements

*multilobed nucleus (PMNL); inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules; diameter 10 to 12

* Phagocytize bacteria

*Very phagocytic - "bacteria slayers"

increase during acute bacterial infection and infection in general

Neutrophilia: increased # of neutrophils

Neutopenia: decreased # of neutrophils

*Bilobed nucleus; red cytoplasmic granules; diameter 10-14

*Kill parasitic worms; complex role in allergy and asthma

* Releases enzymes to digest parasitic worms

Eosinophilia: increased # of eosinophils

Eosinopenia: decreased # of eosinophils

* Dial of nucleus; large purplish black cytoplasmic granules; diameter 10-14

* Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contains Heparin, an anticoagulant

*Rarest WBC

*Basophilia: increase number of basophils

*histamine: inflammatory chemical that acts as vasodilator to attract wbc's to inflamed sites

*Are functionally similar to mast cells

* spherical or indented nucleus; pale blue cytoplasm; diameter 5-17

*Mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies

*Act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells (cell mediated immunity)

*B lymphocytes (b cell) give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies (antibody mediated immunity or humoral immunity)

*Lymphocytosis: ⬆️ # of lymphocytes

*Lymphopenia: ⬇️# of lymphocytes

• increased in viral and fungal infection

* U or kidney-shaped nucleus; gray blue cytoplasm; diameter 14-24

* Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in the tissues

*Largest leukocyte

*Highly phagocytic

*the circulation enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages

* Monocytosis: increased monocytes

a. Smallest form element, fragment of large cells called megakaryocytic

b. Lack of nuclei

c. Very short-lived (5- 9 days)

d. Clot blood with several other chemicals and fibrinogen

e. Release serotonin that stimulates vasoconstriction

F. Count= 130k-49000

1. Process of the blood cell formation

a. Hematopoietic stem cells space embryonic cells that give rise to all blood cells

b. Process occurs in myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) and lymphoid tissue

c. As cells differentiate, they develop membrane receptors for chemical signals

a. Formation of red blood cells

b. Red bone marrow produces about 2.5 million rbc's/sec

c. Regulation of erythropoiesis

1) process stimulated by the way through erythropoietin from the kidneys that respond to low blood Erythopoietim evels

2) process takes about three days

*Lose nucleus and become concave

Stages=> [hemocytoblast (stem cell) -> Proerythroblast ->{Stimulated by erythropoietin} Erythroblast-> Normoblast->Reticulocyte ~ in bone bone marrow] =[Erythrocytes ~released into blood]

a. Formation of white blood cells

b. Cytokines stimulate the production of the different subtypes

1) multipotent growth factor-1

2) interleukin-1

3) interleukin-3

4) granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

5) granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor

Found on the surface of cells to help immune system recognize self cells

Secreted by lymphocytes in response to foreign cells

Antigen or erythrocyte cell surface

a. Type A has the A antigen

b. Type B has the B antigen

c. Type AB has both A and B antigens

d. Type O has neither the A nor the B antigen

Type A has anti B antibodies

Type B has anti a antibodies

Type A B has no antibodies (universal recipient)

Type O has anti A and anti-B antibodies (universal donor)

Agglutination

1) hemostasis: cessation of bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged

2) damaged exposes collagen fibers to hold, producing:

a.Vasoconstriction

b. Formation of platelet plug

c. Formation of fibrin protein web

1st pregnancy(father Rh+) there is no issue because no antibody were made

*Hemolytic anemia of newborn baby

2nd pregnancy (father Rh+) the mother has an antibody against baby

Giving mother rhogam

Four chambers

Right atrium: receives deoxygenated blood from the body

Left atrium: receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

Right ventricle: pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body

a. Separates Atria from ventricles. The Atria there for work as one unit, while the ventricles work as a separate unit.

b. Forms that annuli fibrosi rings, which hold in heart valves

Between heart and lungs

Higher CO2

a. Blood pumps to lungs via pulmonary arteries

b. Blood returns to heart via pulmonary veins

Between heart and body tissues

Higher O2

a. Blood pumps to body tissues via aorta.

b. Blood returns to heart via Superior and inferior venae cavae

Away from the heart

Back to the heart

Tricuspid=> right atrium and ventricle

Bicuspid (mitral)=> left atrium and ventricle

Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae prevent the valves from everting

Pulmonary: right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Aortic left ventricle and aorta

Aortic area right

Pulmonic area (nipple) left

Tricuspid area left

Bicuspid (Mitral) area right

Repeating pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart

Contraction of heart muscles

Relaxation of heart muscles

Total volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

The amount of blood left in the left ventricle after systole (1/3 of the end-diastolic volume)

Systole

Diastole

Sa node => AV node =>Atrioventricle bundle ( bundle of his)=> purkinje fibers

Atrial depolarization

Atrial systole

Ventricular depolarization

Plateau phase, ventricular systole

Ventricular repolarization

120cc

40cc

Stroke volume

Do not close properly

1) maybe due to damage papillary muscle

2) mitral valve prolapse most common cause of chronic mitral regurgitation

Holes in interventricular or interatrial septa which allows blood to cross the sides.

Tunica externa- outer layer; composed of connective tissue

Tunica Media - middle layer => composed of smooth muscle for vasoconstriction/dialation

Tunica interna =>inner layer; composed of simple squamous endothelium on a basement membrane and elastic fibers.

Aorta

Closer to the heart; allow stretch as blood is pumped into them and recoil when ventricles relax

Farther from the heart; have more smooth muscle in proportion in diameter; also have more resistance do two smaller lumina

Smallest

20-30 um and diameter; provide the greatest resistance; control blood flow through the capillaries

Smallest blood vessel

Single layer of simple squamous epithelium tissue in wall

Where are gases and nutrients are exchanged between the blood and tissues

Blood flow to capillaries is regulated by

a. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arterioles

b. Precapillary sphincter