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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
DNA & RNA are both polymers of XXXXXXXXXXX?
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Nucleotides
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What are the three parts of a nucleotide monomer?
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1. Nitrogen base
2. Sugar 3. Phosphate |
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What are the three kinds of RNA most commonly found in a cell?
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1. mRNA
2. tRNA 3. rRNA |
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What is the term used to define a type of RNA that provides the instructions for assembling amino acids into a polypeptide chain?
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mRNA
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What is the term used to define a type of RNA that delivers amino acids to a ribosome for their addition into a growing polypeptide chain?
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tRNA
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What is the term used to define a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes?
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rRNA
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Why is DNA replication considered semiconservative?
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Because DNA replication consists of a single strand of the old template, and a single strand of thew newly replicated DNA.
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During DNA replication the enzyme XXXXXXXXX unwinds the DNA helix, forming a Y-Shaped XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX?
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Helicase/Replication Fork
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What is the term used to define a group of enzymes that break and rejoin the DNA double helix, allowing the twists to unravel and preventing the formation of knots?
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Topoisomerases
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During DNA replication what direction does DNA polymerase move?
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5' --> 3'
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During DNA replication the new compliment strand grows in the what direction?
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5' ---> 3'
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During DNA replication DNA Polymerase creates short segments of DNA called XXXXXX XXXXXX.
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Okazaki segments
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What is the term used to define an enzyme that connects DNA molecules?
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DNA Ligase
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What is the term used to define an enzyme that initiates DNA replication at special nucleotide sequences with short segments of RNA nucleotides?
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Primase
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What is the term used to define a molecules of RNA that initiates DNA replication?
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RNA Primers
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What is the term used to define the adding of DNA Nucleotides in the compliment strand?
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Elongation
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What is the term used to define an enzyme that adds a short sequence of nucleotides to the end of DNA during DNA replication?
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Telomerase
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What is the term used to define how enzymes and other proteins are made from DNA?
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Protein Synthesis
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What is the term used to define a triplet group of three adjcacent nucleotides on the mRNA?
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Codon
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During Translation is the exact base pairing of the third tRNA nucleotide required between the codon and anticodon?
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No
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In translation the RNA sequence is AUG, what is the tRNA sequence?
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UAC
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What are the three steps of transcription?
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1. Initiation
2. Elongation 3. Termination |
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What region of DNA often contains a TATA Box?
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Promoter
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Transcription occurs in what direction?
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5' --> 3'
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Before an mRNA molecule leaves the nucleus, it undergoes the following alterations, what are those alterations?
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1. 5' Cap
2. poly-A Tail 3. RNA Splicing 4. ALternative Splicing |
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What is the term used to define repeated A nucleotides at the 3' end of mRNA?
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poly-A Tail
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What is the term used to define a group of nucletides at the 5' end of mRNA that is a guananine nucleotide and two additional phosphate groups?
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5' Cap
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What is the term used to define when segments of RNA are removed these segments are called introns?
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RNA Splicing
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What is the term used to define selectively removing different parts of an RNA transcript, to allow different RNA's to be produced.
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Alternative splicing
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What are the three steps of translation?
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1. Initiation
2. Elongation 3. Termination |
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After a protein is translated, where is it transported to make the final adjustments to make it fully functional? (2)
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Enoplasmic Reticulum, or Golgi Body
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What is the term used to define any sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule that does not exactly match the original DNA molecule from which it was copied?
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Mutation
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What is the term used to define a single nucleotide error?
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Point Mutation
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What is the term used to define when the DNA sequence contains an incorrect nucleotide in place of the correct nucleotide?
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Substitution
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What is the term used to define when a nucleotide is added to the nucleotide sequence?
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Insertion
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What is the term used to define a mutation that results in an insertion or deletion so nucleotides are displaced by one position?
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Frameshift Mutation
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What is the term used to define a mutation in which the new codon still codes for the same amino acid?
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Silent Mutation
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What is the term used to define a mutation in which the new codon codes for a new amino acid?
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Missense mutation
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What is the term used to define a mutation the occurs when the codon now codes for a stop codon?
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Nonsense Mutation
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What is the term used to define radiation or chemicals that cause mutations?
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Carcinogens
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What is the term used to define mutations that activate uncontrolled cell growth?
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Carcinogens
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What are the three mechanisms to repair replication errors?
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1. Proofreading
2. Mismatch Pair 3. Excision Repair |
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What is the term used to define when DNA polymerase checks to make sure that each newly added nucleotide correctly base pairs with the template strand?
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Proofreading
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What is the term used to define enzymes that repair errors that escape the proofreading ability of DNA Polymerase?
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Mismatch Pair Enzymes
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What is the term used to define a enzymes that repair damage by mutagens?
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1. Excision repair enzymes
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DNA is packaged with proteins to form XXXXXXX. These proteins are called XXXXXXXXX.
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Chromatin/Histones
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What is the term used to define regions where DNA is loosely bound to nucleosomes and can be actively transcribed?
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Euchromatin
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What is the term used to define when DNA is tightly bound to nucleosomes and cannot be transcribed?
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Heterochromatin
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What is the term used to define a type of DNA molecule that can move to different places on a chromosome or a new chromosome?
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Transposons
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What is the term used to define a virus that only infects bacteria?
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Bacteriophages
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What structures do viruses consist of? (3)
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1. Nucleic Acid
2. Capsid or protein coat 3. Envelope |
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XXXXXXXXXXXX are ssRNA viruses that use an enzyme called XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX to make a DNA compliment of their RNA.
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Retroviruses/reverse transcriptase
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What is the term used to define a short circular DNA molecule outside the chromosome?
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Plasmid
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What is the term used to define a plasmid that can be incorporated into the bacteria chromosome?
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Episomes
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What is the term used to define a process of DNA exchange between bacteria?
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Conjugation
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What is the term used to define when new DNA is introduced into the genome of a bacteria by a virus?
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Transduction
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What is the term used to define when bacteria uptake DNA from their surroundings?
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Transformation
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What is the term used to define a unit of DNA that controls transcription of a gene?
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Operon
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What is the term used to define a sequence of DNA to which the RNA Polymerase attaches to begin transcription?
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Promoter
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What is the term used to define a system that requires a substance to turn on the operon?
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Inducible enzymes
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What is the term used to define a system in which a substance is required to turn of transcription of a protein?
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Repressible enzymes
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WHat are the three common mechanisms of gene expression in eukaryotes?
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1. Regulatory Protiens
2. Nucleosome Packing 3. RNA Interference |
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What is the term used to define DNA segements or genes from different sources?
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Recombinant DNA
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What is the term used to define an enzyme that cuts up DNA?
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Restriction Enzymes
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Restriction fragements can be seperated by XXX XXXXXX?
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Gel Electrophoresis
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What is the term used to define amplifying DNA by millions of times?
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Polymerase Chain Reaction
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