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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy |
Encompasses the study of the components that make up the musculoskeletal "machine" |
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Biomechanics |
Focuses on the mechanisms through which anatomical components interact to create movement |
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Axial skeleton |
Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum |
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Appendicular skeleton |
Shoulder girdle, arms, wrist, hands, pelvic girdle, legs, ankles, feet |
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Fibrous joints |
Joints which allow virtually no movement (e.g. sutures of the skull) |
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Cartilaginous joints |
Joints which allow limited movement (e.g. intervertebral disks) |
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Synovial joints |
Joints which allow considerable movement (e.g. knee and elbow) |
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Hyaline cartilage |
Covers articulating ends of bone |
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Synovial fluid |
Entire joint enclose in a capsule filled with: |
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Uniaxial joints |
Joints which operate as hinges, rotating about only one axis (e.g. elbow joint) |
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Multiaxial joints |
Joints which allow movement about all three perpendicular axes which define space (shoulder/hip ball-and-socket) |
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Biaxial joints |
Joints which allow movement about two perpendicular axes (ankle and wrist) |
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Cervical Verterbrae |
7 bones in the neck region |
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Thoracis vertebrae |
12 bones in middle to upper back |
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Lumbar vertebrae |
5 bones making up the lower back |
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Sacral vertebrae |
5 bones fused together to make up the posterior aspect of the pelvis |
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Coccygeal vertebrae |
3 - 5 bones which form a kind of vestigial internal tail extending downward from pelvis |
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Muscle Origin |
Proximal attachment of muscle |
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Muscle insertion |
Distal attachment of muscle |
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Fleshy attachments |
Usually found at muscle origin, fibers are directly affixed to the bone over a wide area so force is distributed and not localized |
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Fibrous attachments |
Attachments that blend into and are continuous with both the muscle sheaths and the connective tissue surrounding bone (tendons) |
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Agonist |
Muscle MOST directly involved in initiating movement |
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Anatgonist |
Muscle that can slow down or stop a movement (typically for the sake of stabilization) |
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Synergist |
Muscles that assist indirectly with movement |
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Lever |
A rigid or semirigid body that, when subjected to a force whose line of action does not pass through its pivot point, exerts force on any object impeding its tendency to rotate |
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Fulcrum |
Pivot point of a lever |
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Moment arm (aka force arm, lever arm, or torque arm) |
Perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the fulcrum. Line of action of a force is an infinitely long line passing through the point of application of force, oriented in the direction in which the force is exerted |
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Torque (aka moment) |
The degree to which a force tends to rotate an object about a specified fulcrum. Defined quantitatively as the magnitude of a force times the length of its moment arm |
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Muscle Force |
Force generated by biomechanical activity, or the stretching of noncontractile tissue, that tends to draw the opposite ends of a muscle toward eachother |
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Resistive force |
Force generated by a source external to the body (e.g. gravity, inertia, friction) that acts contrary to muscle force |
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Mechanical advantage |
The ratio of the moment arm of applied force vs. resistive force |
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First-class lever |
Muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum (Elbow extension/Tricep press) |
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Second-class lever |
Muscle force and resistive force on same side of fulcrum, moment arm of of muscle force longer than that of resistive force (Plantarflexion/calf raise) |
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Third-class lever |
Muscle force and resistive force on same side of fulcrum, moment arm of of muscle force shorter than that of resistive force (Elbow flexion/Bicep curl) |
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Acceleration |
Change in velocity per unit of time |
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Strength |
The maximal force a muscle or muscle group can generate at a specified velocity |
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Power |
Defined as "the time rate of doing work"
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Work |
The product of force exerted on an object and the distance an object is moved in the direction the force is exerted |
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Angular Displacement |
The angle through which an object rotates |
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Angular velocity |
A rotating object's rotational speed |
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Equation for Rotational Work |
work = torque x angular displacement |
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Pennate muscle |
Muscle that has fibers that align obliquely with the tendon |
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Angle of Pennation |
The angle between the muscle fibers and an imaginary line between the muscle's origin and insertion. |
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Concentric muscle action |
Muscle action in which the muscle shortens because the contractile force is greater than the resistive force |
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Eccentric muscle action |
Muscle action in which the muscle lengthens because the contractile force is less than the resistive force |
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Isometric muscle action |
Muscle action in which the muscle length does not change because the contractile force is equal to the resistive force |
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Classic formula |
Load lifted is divided by body weight to the two-thirds power to account for the relationship of cross-sectional area vs. volume |
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Bracketing technique |
Athlete performs sport movement with less than normal and greater than normal resistance |
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Friction |
Resistive force encountered when one attempts to move an object that is pressed against another object |
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Fluid resistance |
Resistive force caused by fluid (liquid or gas) |
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Surface Drag |
Results from the friction of a fluid passing along the surface of an object |
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Form Drag |
Results from the way a fluid presses against the front or rear of an object passing through it |
