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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stress
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the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. the physical pressure and strain that result from change.
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Eustress
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when stress is good and leads to something desirable such as studying for a big exam and then receiving a good grade on the exam
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Distress
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when the stress has negative effects such as confusion, an inability to make decisions, and illness
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Fight or Flight (Walter Cannon)
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1. the brain appraises a situation as threatening and dangerous
2. the lower brain structure secretes a stress hormone 3. the stress hormone signals the adrenal glands to secrete adrenaline 4. this causes the muscles to tense, the heart to beat faster, and the liver to send out sugar to be used in the muscles |
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The General Adaptation Syndrome (Hans Selye)
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1. the second stage is the initial stage where the body prepares for attack--either psychological or physical
2. the second stage is called the stage of resistance. the body uses up a great amount of energy to prepare for the stressor 3. the third stage is exhaustion. it is marked by body exhaustion and health problems |
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Perceived Control
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our personal control and optimism is related to stress and our immune system; with loss of perceived control, we are vulnerable to ill health; optimists respond to stress with smaller increases in blood pressure and they recover faster from heart bypass surgery.
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Poverty and Inequality
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poorer ppl are more at risk for premature death; ppl also tend to die younger in areas where there is greater income inequality; ppl at every income level are at greater risk of death if they live in a community with great income inequality.
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Psychophysiological Illness
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"mind body" illness; any stress-related physical illness (some forms of hypertention, some heaadaches); distinct from hypochondriasis--misinterpreting normal physical sensation as symptoms of a disease.
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Aerobic Exercise
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sustained exercvise that increases heart and lung fitness
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Importance of Exercise
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strengthens heart, lowers blood pressure, lowers blood pressure reactivity to stress, moderate exercise adds 2 years to one's expected life.
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Biofeedback
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system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subbtle physiological state (blood pressure or muscle tension)
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social support
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feeling liked, affirmed, and encouraged by intimate friends and family promotes happiness and health. Social support calms the cardiovascular system and lowers stress hormones.
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Spirituality and Faith Communities
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prayer, meditationm or other spiritual and religious practices can enhance medical treatment; those who attend religious services experiences lower death raLtes from coronary heart disease.
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Losing Weight
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the number of fat cells is not reduced by dieting; energy expenditure necessary for tissue matenance is lower in fat than in other tissues; overall metabolic rate decreases when body weight drops belowe the set point
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behavioral medicine
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an interdiscipliplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge to health and disease
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health psychology
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a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
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general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
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Selye's concept of the body;s adaptive response to stress in 3 stages--alarm resistance, exhaustion
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coronary heart disease
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the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscles; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
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type A
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Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone ppl
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Type B
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Friedman and Roseman's term for easygoing, relaxed ppl
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lymphocytes
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the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
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coping
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alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
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problem-focused coping
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attempting to alleviate stress directly--by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
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emotion-focused coping
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attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction
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