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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
explain the process and evolution of pollination |
1. insects accidentally carried pollen between male and female of species 2. plant evolved to attract those insects more and more (color, odors, etc.) 3. evolution of nectaries (put attractant nectar near reproductive structures) so it's all easier for everyone who's good |
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specialized examples of phytophagy |
leaf rollers case bearers leaf miners plant borrers galls (?) |
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tritrophic induced defense |
the plant will attract the enemies of herbivores when the plant is eaten. ex: corn uses terpenoids to signal to parasitic wasps that they are being eaten by fall army worms |
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-/- interaction |
competition (can be interference or exploitative) example: |
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-/+ interaction |
predation example: leaf miners example: ant lions |
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0/- interaction |
amensalism |
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0/+ interaction |
commensalism ex: mites will hitch rides, live on stuff, etc. but won't strain the host |
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+/+ interaction |
mutualism (facultative or obligate) ex: bee pollinators! ex: |
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how do plants deter herbivory? |
antixenosis (plant repels or fails to attract bug) antibiosis (plant messes with the bug's life) tolerance (coping) |
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predators, parasites, parasitoids |
predators: short term, eats many, kills quickly parasites: long term, eats few, doesn't kill host parasitoid: long term, kills host |
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parasite |
an organism that lives in or on a host organism and feeds on body tissue or fluids (~50% of all species on earth!) |
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why are there so many parasites and parasitoids? |
because there are so many niches to fill, and they promote mad faster evolution and speciation |
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idiobionts |
usually ectoparasitoids, they paralyze host when laying an egg |
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koinobiont |
usually endoparasitoids, doesn't paralyze host, larva develops inside the host |
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hyperparasitoid |
parasitoid of a parasitoid |
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endo |
inside |
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ecto |
outside |
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how do endoparasitoids breathe? |
they get stuff from the hemolymph (oxygen and nutrients) they break into trachea they trick the host into creating a snorkel |
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polyDNAvirus |
this kind of virus is carried in parasitoid wasps turns host into a zombie alters mind and behavior |
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host defense strategies |
hiding struggling morphology immune response self medication (flies laying eggs in alcohol when they see wasps) |
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red queen hypothesis/coevolution |
parasitoids and predators and their hosts are in a constant race, to stay in the same place they have to keep running. this is coevolution. |
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aphids as ecosystems |
aphids host bacteria in bacteriocytes and the buchnera gives them essential amino acids to supplement the phloem diet |
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what's up with symbiotic non pathogenic bacteria? |
-can be intracellular or extracellular -bacteriocytes are special cells which permanently house intracellular bacterial symbionts -the presence of these usually indicate unideal diet |
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bacteriocytes |
specialized cells to host microbes which are beneficial |
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define pollination |
the transfer of male gametes to female gametes, the anthers to the stigma |
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antixenosis |
plant repels or fails to attract insects (for example, trichomes are a defense) |
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antibiosis |
plant reduces the life of the bug |
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tolerance |
plant copes with it's temporal existence |
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chemical defenses |
can alter behavior can poison bug if chemical defenses are constantly present, then they are constitutive |
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about phytophagy |
more than half of insects are herbivores, this is probably the most common biological interaction on the planet |
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why are bees such good pollinators? |
one major reason is that they have an expandable crop to help them to carry nectar |
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why is host specificity beneficial? |
for the plant- it is more efficient way to pollinate, more so than for example relying on the wind for the insect- the insect can learn a flower well, it is therefore also more efficient |
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draw a model of induced defense |
ex: larva of a moth eat a leaf, the leaf sends out chemical signals to attract wasps to attack the lil dudes |
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draw a model of the aphid stuff |
u kno |
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types of pathogens |
virus- west nile- mosquito bacteria- plague- fleas protozoa- malaria- mosquito nematodes- river blindness- flies |
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morphological properties which aids vectoring |
piercing-sucking mouthparts, existing around humans |
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what orders are common pests? |
lepidoptera larvae- caterpillars hymiptera- aphids hymenoptera- sawflies |