Exp Exam #1

Nativism

We’re all born with all the knowledge we need we just need experience to reveal it

Empiricism

Our ideas come from our experiences

Memory depends on pairs of things

Recalling one item of the pair brings a memory of the other

Nearness/time in space

Experience of frequent contiguous events

If two or more things are similar one will trigger the other

Proposed central goal of psychology of “formation and maintenance”

Classical conditioning

Two concepts become linked in our mind

Reducing a learned response to stimulus by stopping pairing

Transfer of past learning to novel events

Operant conditioning

Animal learns to behave in a way that obtains reward and or avoid punishment

A particular behavioral response will have the probability of increasing or decreasing based on consequence of response

Nature + Dualism

I think therefore I am

The mind and body are separate

Nurture + complex ideas come from simple ones

Behaviorism + environment and experiences determine our behavior and capabilities

Study of observable traits

Skinner box + radical behavioralism

Consciousness and free will are illusions

Natural selection + Evolution

Inheritability

Variability

Fitness

Neo behaviorism + believed that rats had goals and ambition

Learning exhibited at a later dares

How species adapt over time to their changing environment

CNS and PNS

Brain + Spinal cord

Everything else

Autonomic and somatic

Breathing

Heart rate

Digestion

(All automatic functions in the body)

Sensory information

Voluntary movement

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

Fight or flight

Rest and digest

Basal ganglia

Thalamus

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Group of structures

Learning, planning and production of skilled movements

Emotional memories

Memory

Declarative memories and spatial navigation

Relay station

Receives sensory info and sends it to the cortex

Able to track changes over time

Creates images of anatomical structures within the living brain

Able to track changes over time

MRI

diffusion tensor imaging

Shows what brains are doing at the time of imaging

Learning must be associated with new patterns of activity in the brain

fMRI

EEG

Neurophysiology

Receiving info from other neurons

Integrates info coming in

Decides to send or not send action potential

Propagates the electrical signal

Fatty insulation around axon that Helps conduction velocity

Nodes of ranvier

Area where action potentials are regenerated

Sends out info to other neurons

Dendrite

Soma (cell body)

Nucleus

Axon hillock

Myelin sheath

Axon (Branch)

Noses of ranvier

Axon terminals

Once the neuron reactions the action potential it fires and if it doesn’t reach this it doesn’t forever

Capacity of brain structures to change over time

Networks of neurons can be rewired or replaced

Neuron features may be strengthened or weakened

New functions or new neurons can form

Young chicks have extreme structural changes after imprinting on visual stimuli

Providing young rats with more opportunities for learning, social interaction and exercise leads to visible changes in their neurons

London taxi drivers have slightly larger hippocampal volumes which could be from increase in dendritic branching in hippocampal neurons

Neurons that fire together wire together

Learning that involves strengthening connections between neurons that work together

Looking for engram location

Developed theory of equipotentiality

Found that no matter which region of the cortex he lesioned rats kept performing task

Memories are not stored in one area of the brain

Axon terminals

Dendrite

Voltage gates Ca2+ comes into terminal interacts with vesicles inside axon terminal

Vesicles with neurotransmitters are now in synaptic cleft and interact with receptors on dendrite

Voltage gated ca2+

More NT is released by interneuron

New synapses forming

Shift in synaptic input

Mechanism of hebbian learning that brains use to store memory traces in synaptic connections between neurons

Synaptic changes that strengthen the connection

AMPA and NMDA

1.Glutamate binds to AMPA Chanels and Na+ comes in

2. Depolarization occurs to remove Mg2+ ion blocking the channel

3. NMDA is activated and ca2+ and Na+ can now enter through NMDA neuron

4. Ca2+ signals the events for LTP to occur

Requires something to bind to it to activate it

Ion channel

Has G protein on inside of cell that goes to open and close channels

Act on NMDA receptors which interfere with enhanced memory formation

Inhibits AMPA receptor affecting LTP which blocks neural transmission

Blocks NMDA receptor function

This blocks LTP without blocking neural transmission

Blocks production of proteins like AMPA receptors

Blocks LTP

Blocks synaptic plasticity

Blocks Na+ channels

Kills electrical activity so there is no action potential

Synaptic transmission becomes less effective as a result of recent activity

LTD happens

Long term structural changes in neurons or synapses

Decrease in responsiveness of postsynaptic neuron

Learning can produce LTP like changes

LTP effects are greatest in brain areas involved in learning and memory (hippocampus)

Drugs that interfere with LTP also interfere with memory

Activity that can be observed or measured

Relatively permanent change in behavior based on experience

Reflex behavior

Vertebrate reflex arc

Fatigue

Physical growth/maturation

Sensory adaptation

Connection between two or more thing

Classical and operant conditioning

Learning about one stimulus with repeated exposure

Habituation, sensitization, perceptual learning

Decrease in the strength or occurrence of a behavior after repeated exposure to the stimulus that produces the behavior

Orienting response

Acoustic startle reflex in rats

Decrease in responsiveness to familiar stimuli avoids using time and energy on unnecessary things

Reappearance or increase in strength of a previously habituated response after a short period of no stimulus presentation

Renewal of a response that occurs when presented with novel stimulus

Habituation to one event doesn’t cause habituation to every other stimulus in the same sensory modality

Short term habitation

Long term habituation

Spontaneous recovery

Dishabituation

Habituation and sensitization are independent of each other but operate in parallel

Experience of Arousing stimulus lead to an increased behavioral response to repeated presentations

Prior experience to a stimulus can improve the ability to recognize that stimulus later

Repeated experiences with a set of stimuli make those stimuli easier to distinguish

Both are more effective processing with later encounters with the stimuli

Perceptual learning results in long lasting ability to tell similar stimuli apart

Priming is short term changes

20,000 neurons

Relatively big neurons that can be seen with the naked eye

Neural circuits are hardwired

Involuntary defensive mechanism of sea slug that causes delicate siphon gill to be retracted when animal is disturbed