Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
In Pavlov's substitution model of conditioning, learning occurs when then:
|
CS serves to elicit neural activity in the coritcal UCS center which then triggers the occurrence of the CR
|
|
|
In Pavolv's theory of conditioning, the CR is
|
elicited when the UCS cortical center is activated by the CS.
|
|
|
According to Sigal's research, if a long-term heroin addict used
|
be increased
|
|
|
Wagner has developed a theory to explain why some CRs and UCRs are the same and some are different. This theory is called
|
Sometimes Opponent Process
|
|
|
The most important assumption of Wagner's SOP model is that
|
only the A2 component elicited by the UCR can be conditioned.
|
|
|
Wagner and Brandon introduced AESOP to replace SOP because
|
different A2 responses elicited by the same UCS have correspondingly different optimal CS-UCS intervals
|
|
|
Overshadowing, blocking, and predictiveness phenomena has been explained by the
|
Rescorla-Wagner Model, Attentional Model, Comparitor Model
|
|
|
In the Recorla Wagner model, associative strength increases on each trial until
|
the maximum conditioning supported by the UCS is reached
|
|
|
The cue deflation effect is due to
|
increased responding to a less saliant CS when the more salient CS has undergone extinction
|
|
|
In the Comparator model, a CS paired with a UCS will elicit a CR only if
|
no other CSs in the conditioning situation have a higher associative strength with the UCS
|
|
|
Mackintosh's attentional theory claims that CR strength is determined by the ability of the ++++ to support conditioning.
|
CS
|
|
|
According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, the CR strength is determined by the ability of the __________ to support conditioning.
|
UCS
|
|
|
In drug addiction, the conditioned withdrawal reaction refers to:
|
the experience of withdrawal responses in situations where the drug had been previously used
|
|
|
According to the Rescorla-Wagner model why does blocking occur?
|
When the initial CS has already acquired most if not all of the conditioning supported by the UCS leaving little to condition to the added CS.
|
|
|
Overshadowing refers to:
|
a more salient CS gains more associative strength than the less salient one.
|
|
|
The procedures for classical conditioning require that the experimenter present to the subject pairings of the:
|
CS and UCS
|
|
|
Which of the following assumptions found in systematic desensitization means the subjects cannot experience two competing emotional states at the same time?
|
reciprocal inhibition
|
|
|
Which conditioning procedure is being used if the CS is presented and continued until the UCS is presented?
|
delayed
|
|
|
According to the text, the most effective conditioning procedure is generally:
|
delayed
|
|
|
The optimal CS-UCS interval refers to the time __________ that is most favorable for the classical conditioning of a response.
|
between the onset of the CS and the onset of the UCS
|
|
|
Seligman has proposed that animals and humans have an evolutionary preparedness to associate a certain CS and UCS together. The likelihood that a particular CS will form an association with an UCS is called:
|
salience
|
|
|
In order to produce inhibition of delay, the experimenter must use:
|
trace or delayed conditioning
|
|
|
Pavlov found disinhibition while conducting experiments on extinction. To produce this, the experimenter must:
|
present a novel stimulus during during extinction that increases the strength of the CR.
|
|
|
Higher-order conditioning refers to:
|
a previously used CS serving as a UCS
|
|
|
As second-order conditioning proceeds there is initial excitatory conditioning to CS2 but CS2 eventually becomes a:
|
conditioned inhibitor.
|
|
|
Research by O’Brien and his colleagues indicates that extinction of withdrawal responses and craving occurred in cocaine addicts if:
|
they were allowed repeated experiences with stimuli associated with cocaine.
|
|
|
Unlike primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers are effective only after animals learn about them.
|
True
|
|
|
Primary reinforcers are also called positive reinforcers and secondary reinforcers are called negative reinforcers.
|
True
|
|
|
Spontaneous recovery following extinction does not occur in operant conditioning.
|
False
|
|
|
Post reinforcement pause increases and the fixed ratio schedule increases
|
True
|
|
|
Skinner argued that behavior is controlled by contingencies. A contingency is:
|
a specified relationship between behavior and reinforcement.
|
|
|
According to Skinner, a positive reinforcer is an event occurring after a response that:
|
increases the probability of the response occurring
|
|
|
A negative reinforcer is an event
|
taken away after a response that increases the probability of the response occurring.
|
|
|
In general, humans are expected to be more productive if they are given verbal praise for their work. In this case, praise is a
|
secondary positive reinforcer
|
|
|
Giving reinforcement for successive approximations of a desired response defines
|
shaping
|
|
|
On a fixed interval schedule:
|
the animals gradually increases responding as the time for reinforcement availability approaches
|
|
|
A certain time period must pass without a response before a response is reinforced. This describes a:
|
fixed interval schedule
|
|
|
When extinction is introduced in operant conditioning, the rate of behavior
|
first increases then decreases
|
|
|
The term _________ has replaced the term behavior modification
|
contingency management
|
|
|
In contingency management, the desired response is determined during the __________ stage.
|
contracting
|
|
|
Contingency management programs often employ:
|
token economies
|
|
|
1. Which of the following statements is true about the learning process?
|
Changes in behavior potential as a result of learning are relatively permanent.
|
|
|
2. Which of the following statements best represents the Behaviorist view regarding the role of instincts in controlling behavior?
|
c. Learning from experience is much more important than instincts in controlling behavior.
|
|
|
3. The Greek philosopher Aristotle was important for the development of Behaviorism because he introduced the:
|
a. rules of association.
|
|
|
4. Thorndike demonstrated learning in a famous experiment involving a puzzle box. This experiment required:
|
b. a cat to pull a string for food.
|
|
|
5. Claude took three courses in Latin in his sophomore year and earned an A in each course. Now at the beginning of his junior year his roommate is taking the first course in Latin and asks Claude to translate a very simple Latin phrase. Claude merely laughs shrugs his shoulders and walks away without answering. His failure to make the simple translation is most likely due to:
|
c. failure to exhibit what Pavlov called “generalization”.
|
|
|
6. Which of the following best illustrates Pavlov’s concept of “generalization”?
|
b. When encountering a novel traffic signal you know to stop on “red”
|
|
|
7. In classical conditioning generalization is said to have occurred when:
|
c. a similar CS elicits the CR.
|
|
|
8. Watson and Raynor conducted the “Little Albert” experiment to determine whether:
|
b. fear can be classically conditioned in humans.
|
|
|
9. Which of the following statements represents the main principle used to judge the ethics of human research?
|
a. The study will produce an increase in knowledge with minimal risk to the subjects.
|
|
|
After Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat he also displayed fear responses to a white rabbit and a white coat. This is an example of:
|
b. generalization
|
|
|
11. Hull called the learning of a response “habit strength”. Which of the following conditions is necessary for the development of habit strength?
|
c. The learner must experience drive reduction following the completion of a response.
|
|
|
12. Crespi studied how hungry rats change their running speed when the amount of reward suddenly changed. His findings forced Hull to conclude that:
|
a. the amount of reward directly influences the motivation for behavior.
|
|
|
15. Rescorla and Solomon concluded that the influence of incentive factors such as reward, fear, frustrations, and relief are due to the establishment of __________ motive states.
|
c. central
|
|
|
16. According to the text, the major difficulty with Guthrie’s theory of learning is his assumption that:
|
d. learning of a response can occur in a single trial.
|
|
|
18. According to Tolman’s view of motivation, depriving a rat of food:
|
a. increases the rat’s tendency to explore its environment.
|
|
|
19. Skinner maintained that reinforcement is the most important event that controls behavior. Skinner defined a reinforcer as:
|
d. any event that increases the probability of the behavior that preceded it.
|
|
|
20. Skinner used the term contingency to indicate the:
|
a. specific relationship between an operant response and reinforcement.
|
|
|
1. The internal state of the animal that provides the motivation for a fixed action pattern is called:
|
b. action-specific energy.
|
|
|
2. The probability that a sign stimulus will elicit a fixed action pattern:
|
d. increases as the time since the last occurrence of the fixed action pattern increases.
|
|
|
3. Which of the following statements best completes this statement: A fixed action pattern
|
d. is an instinctive behavior that only occurs in the presence of a specific environmental cue.
|
|
|
4. Which of the following is the best example of habituation?
|
d. In your freshman year someone repeatedly pulled the fire alarm at 2 am. After two weeks of this you no longer responded to the fire alarm.
|
|
|
5. Habituation is a form of learning in which the subject:
|
b. produces fewer responses to a stimulus that is repeated several times in succession.
|
|
|
6. According to Groves and Thompson, drugs that stimulate the central nervous system are more likely to produce:
|
c. sensitization to a stimulus.
|
|
|
7. In theorizing about the process of habituation, Groves and Thompson argue that drugs that stimulate the central nervous system will __________ and depressive drugs will ___________.
|
a. increase readiness to respond; decrease readiness to respond
|
|
|
8. The fact that habituation occurs so readily suggests that:
|
b. there must be some innate tendency to ignore stimuli that are unimportant.
|
|
|
9. Which of the following statements describes the properties of the B-state?
|
a. It is the opposite of the A state.
|
|
|
10. Which of the following statements describes the properties of the A-state?
|
c. It may be pleasant or aversive.
|
|
|
11. The opponent-process theory is especially helpful in understanding:
|
d. drug addiction.
|
