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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Trapold and Fowler trained rats to escape electric shock in a start box of an alley. The results of this experiment indicated that:
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the greater the shock intensity, the shorter the latency to escape from the box.
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In active avoidance training, the subject is trained to:
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make a response in order to prevent the occurrence of an aversive event.
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Increasing the intensity of the aversive event interferes with the acquisition of the avoidance task in the
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two-way active avoidance procedure.
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You receive a ticket for speeding and are fined $500. What type of punishment is this?
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response cost
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To avoid your dentist appointment you call the dental office and tell them your car has broken down and you cannot make your appointment. This represents __________ avoidance.
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active
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For punishment to be effective it should:
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be immediate.
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Negative punishment involves:
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the loss of positive reinforcement following an unwanted behavior.
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Banks sometimes penalize depositors for making early withdrawal of funds from fixed-time accounts. The monetary penalty is a form of punishment known as:
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response-cost
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Based on his early research, Skinner concluded that punishing a response
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temporarily reduces the frequency of the response.
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Powell and Azrin punished cigarette smoking with electric shock. Their findings indicated
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the smoking rate decreased as shock intensity increased.
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In the American legal system, it is said that defendants should receive a speedy trial. If a defendant is found guilty, a speedy trial:
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will make the punishment more effective in suppressing undesired behavior
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Negative effects of punishment include:
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modeling of aggression.
generalization to appropriate behaviors. pain induced aggression (ALL OF THE ABOVE) |
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Effective punishment is:
severe |
severe
consistent immediate (ALL OF THE ABOVE) |
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Another name for flooding is:
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response prevention.
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__________ differs from the typical extinction procedure because the feared stimulus cannot be escaped.
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flooding
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According to response deprivation theory, reducing the baseline occurrence of a certain activity:
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allows that activity to become a reinforcer if allowed to engage in that activity.
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Eating is more probable than bar pressing in a food deprived rat. Therefore eating will reinforce bar pressing. This sounds like:
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Premack’s probability-differential theory.
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In grade-school children, coloring is a higher probability behavior than doing arithmetic problems. If the opportunity to do arithmetic problems is restricted below its operant baseline, arithmetic problems should be able to serve as a reinforcer according to:
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response deprivation theory
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The unrestricted level of performance of two operant behaviors produces a paired basepoint called the __________ behavior allocation view of behavior
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blisspoint
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According to the behavior allocation view, changing from a 1:2 contingency to a 1:1 or 2:1 contingency has what effect on the desired behavior?
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It decreases the behavior.
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You have to choose between two restaurants, both of which have reinforcing food selections. Restaurant A has greater reinforcing selections than restaurant B. According to the matching law how will you behave?
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You will eat at both A and B but more often at A
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According to the __________ theory, a specific choice is determined by which alternative is perceived to be most attractive at that moment.
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momentary maximization
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The __________ assumes that behavior is aimed toward obtaining as many reinforcers as possible.
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maximizing law
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In D’Amato’s explanation of avoidance conditioning, the avoidance response is motivated by fear and rewarded by
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the conditioning of relief.
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According to Levis & Boyd, the important factor in the extinction of avoidance learning is:
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the duration of the extinction trials.
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For Denny (1971), as the inter-trial interval increases, the amount of conditioned relief:
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also increases.
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Thorndike suggested that punishment weakened the S-R bond. This was called the:
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negative law of effect
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Mowrer developed a two-factor theory of avoidance learning and a __________-factor model of punishment.
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two
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For Estes, the primary mechanism of punishment is
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competition of motives.
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For Guthrie, effective punishment must produce:
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behavior that is antagonistic to the unwanted response
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The belief that the laws of operant conditioning hold for many different species and situations has been championed by:
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Skinner
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According to Timberlake, when an animal learned less rapidly than expected by the laws of conditioning, the animal is displaying:
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a constraint on learning
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Timberlake, Wahl, and King (1982) proposes that animal misbehavior is due to __________ in the situation.
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both operant and Pavlovian conditioning
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Schedule-induced behavior is most often seen in:
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fixed interval schedules.
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Schedule-induced polydipsia is a good animal model of human alcoholism because:
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all of the choices are correct.
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Lorenz’s demonstration of imprinting is related to Ainsworth’s findings that human infants prefer to attach to:
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mothers who are responsive and sensitive to the infant’s needs.
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Harlow observed that infant monkeys prefer to attach to:
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terry cloth rather than wire mesh mothers.
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According to the associative learning view, imprinting occurs because objects of attachment:
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reduce fear.
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Research by Ainsworth and associates indicates that mothers who meet the needs of their infants will have a/an __________ relationship with their infant.
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secure
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According to Bolles, the particular species-specific defense response that will be shown by a rat is determined by:
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the type of environmental danger confronting the rat.
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Electrical stimulation of the __________ is pleasurable and motives behavior.
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medial forebrain bundle
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The memory consolidation effect of reinforcement appears to be due to an increased amount of brain activity in the:
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nigrostriatal pathway.
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Cocaine and amphetamine appear to have their reinforcing effects by interacting with the __________ neurotransmitter.
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dopamine
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The motivational and reinforcing effects of reinforcers are positively correlated with the level of activity in the __________ reinforcement system.
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mesotelencephalic
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According to the work of the Brelands, the ability of food reinforcement to control behavior is limited because:
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food reinforcement elicits instinctive behaviors that interfere with responding.
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An excitatory generalization gradient refers to:
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the ability of stimuli of than the original CS to elicit the conditioned response.
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Lashley and Wade proposed that generalization occurs when:
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subjects fail to discriminate between training and test stimuli.
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Peterson raised one group of ducks in cages illuminated with monochromatic light and another with normal light. Later, the ducks were tested for the generalization of a key peck response to the light stimuli. The results showed that:
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the ducks raised in the monochromatic light had a flatter generalization gradient than the other ducks.
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In the two-choice discrimination task, the SD
and SΔ are |
in the same sensory modality.
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In times of disasters, such as hurricanes or earthquakes, looters often rob stores. These looters recognize that it is relatively safe to steal because law enforcement is busy dealing with the disaster. In terms of the operations for discrimination learning, looters are operating in a __________ procedure.
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conditional discrimination
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The two-choice discrimination task often produces behavioral contrast, which refers to:
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an increase in responding to the SD
and a decrease in responding to SΔ over training trials. |
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Occasion-setting properties of a CS refers to the ability of the CS to:
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facilitate responding to another CS.
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The peak shift in generalization refers to:
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the highest level of responding to a test stimulus rather than to the SD.
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According to the text, the reduction in the response level to the SΔ that occurs with discrimination training is most likely due to the fact that the SΔ:
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developed aversive properties.
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In Kohler’s theory of discrimination training, the peak shift phenomenon is called:
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transposition
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Which of the following is the most important step in producing errorless discrimination learning?
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Introduce the SΔ gradually and early in training.
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In Sutherland and Mackintosh’s theory of attention, the subject in a discrimination task discovers the relevant stimulus dimension on the basis of:
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perceptual analyzers being activated.
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The Hull-Spence theory of discrimination training is called a continuity view. Continuity means that:
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the discrimination is learned gradually by the buildup of excitation to the SD and inhibition to the SΔ.
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Wagner, Logan, Haberlandt, and Price (1968) showed that __________ is an important factor in discrimination learning.
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predictiveness
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In discrimination training, the continuity approach explains how the emotional components are learned and the noncontinuity approach describes the __________ components of discrimination learning.
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attentional
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Bandura and Adams completed a study showing how efficacy expectations influence phobic behavior. They found that:
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clients who believed they could interact with a phobic object were more successful in overcoming the phobia.
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Which of the following statements best describes Tolman’s view of the learning process?
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Learning allows for the acquisition of signs and expectation which then influence behavior when a demand is present.
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The results of Tolman’s place learning studies indicated that rats:
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that entered a maze at different location but always found food at the same site performed better than rats who entered the maze at different locations but had to make the identical turning response to find food.
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According to the text, response learning is superior to place learning in rats:
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when there are enough cues available to allow for spatial orientation.
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The results of Tolman’s latent learning experiment indicated that:
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learning does not require reward; however, for animals to perform what they have already learned, reward must be present.
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According to the text, an expectancy is defined as:
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a mental representation of event contingencies.
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According to Dickinson, two type of declarative (factual) information are contained in an expectancy. One is called an associative link that represents a connection between:
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a CS and UCS learned on the basis of drive reduction.
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According to the text, the irrelevant incentive effect is evidence for the existence of:
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CS-UCS associative links.
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According to Dickinson, __________ control operant/instrumental behavior early in training; however, with prolonged training, operant/instrumental behavior is governed by __________.
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behavior-reinforcer beliefs; stimulus-response habits
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In the original work by Maier and Seligman (1976), the dogs that displayed the learned helplessness effect received __________ before being trained in an avoidance task.
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inescapable shock
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Tine has suffered many rejections lately. Nothing she does seems to prevent those rejections, and now she has begum to believe that events in life cannot be controlled by her behavior. According to Seligman, her expectation that life events cannot be controlled is called:
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learned helplessness
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In Experiment 1 of Rizley’s 1978 study it was found that depressed subjects attributed success to:
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external factors such as luck.
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Seligman’s original theory of learned helplessness was deemed inadequate because it does not easily explain:
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why some people actually improve performance following uncontrolled experiences.
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According to Seligman’s revised helplessness theory, which of the following set of statements was most likely made by a depressed person?
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“I am no good, I will never be good at anything.”
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An individual is more likely to become depressed if he or she believes that personal problems are due to
internal, stable, and __________ factors. |
global
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Concepts have attributes which refer to:
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relevant properties of an object
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Rules are used to determine:
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which objects are examples of a concept.
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The affirmative rule in concept formation stipulates that defines an example of the concept.
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one common property
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For the disjunctive rule to be used to define a concept, ____________ must be present.
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one of two or both attributes
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A prototype of a concept represents:
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the object with the greatest number of attributes in common with other members of the concept.
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Which theory of concept learning claims that a person learns concepts by testing hypotheses about the correct solution?
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cognitive process theory
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Kohler (1925) conducted a classic study on problem solving shown by apes. He concluded that the apes learned to get reward through:
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insight
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The first step in problem solving is to define the problem. In defining the problem, the __________ must be known.
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the initial state and the goal
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An algorithm is a strategy for problem solving that depends upon:
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the completion of a fixed set of steps to solve the problem.
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In the heuristic approach to problem solving, the ____________ strategy is followed.
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“best-guess”
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The major limitation of the heuristic approach to problem solving is that:
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there is no guarantee that the correct solution is produced.
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Phonemes are best described as:
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the basic sound patterns that are used to compose the words contained in a language.
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Morphemes are best described as:
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the simplest combination of phonemes that have meaning.
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According to Chomsky, the arrangement of words in a sentence represents its ____________; however, the meaning of the sentence is its ______________.
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surface structure; deep structure
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In general, psycholinguists have considered Skinner’s theory of language acquisition to be:
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incorrect since it does not account for the creative aspects of language use.
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According to the memory model proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1971), there are three stages in the storage of information called the:
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sensory register, short-term store, and the long-term store.
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The sensory register for auditory information is called:
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echoic memory.
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In 1956, George Miller proposed that the capacity of the short-term store is:
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7 plus or minus 2 items.
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Baddeley has postulated that the ____________ regulates the functions of the rehearsal systems.
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central executive
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Tulving has proposed that there are two types of long-term memory. Memory for personal events is called ______________ memory, and memory for knowledge requiring language use is called ______________ memory.
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episodic; semantic
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According to Squire (1986), memory for a motor skill is called a _______________ memory.
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procedural
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Eric Kandel and his associates use the sea mollusk, Aplysia Californica, to study how learning:
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modifies neuronal activity.
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Which areas of the brain appear to be most important for memory storage?
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The medial temporal lobe and the mediodorsal thalamus.
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All the following brain structures have been implicated as important in the control of memory except the:
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medulla oblongata
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______________ is memory disorder associated with alcoholism.
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Korsakoff’s syndrome
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Which of the following is not an aspect of the rehearsal systems approach?
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associative complex
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The facilitation of recall of specific information following exposure to closely related information is called
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priming
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Which model of memory proposes that “knowledge” is not found in the nodes but is spread throughout the connections?
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parallel distribution
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Which type of rehearsal produces the greatest likelihood information will be recalled?
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elaborative
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Which type of memory is especially vulnerable to distortion?
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episodic
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Remembering what gifts your received for Christmas last year would utilize which memory attribute?
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temporal
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Which of the following is not one of Underwood’s 10 attributes of memory?
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phonetic
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On a visit to your old elementary school, a flood of old memories come to mind. This is due to the __________ attribute of memory.
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context
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In school you learned French and later learned Spanish. If prior experience with French prevents your recall of Spanish, which type of interference has occurred?
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proactive
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Which view of interference provides a mechanism for the effect of recency on behavior?
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generalized competition
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The finding in eyewitness testimony research that witnesses remember both the original event and the misleading information but cannot discriminate between the “real” and “suggested” versions is similar to which view of forgetting?
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list differentiation
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The creation of an inaccurate record of childhood sexual abuse is referred to as the:
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false memory syndrome
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Motivated forgetting is most similar to Freud’s concept of:
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repression
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Which of the following has been proposed as the cause of directed forgetting?
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the forget cue is a poor retrieval cue and stops the rehearsal process
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According to Zola-Morgan and Squire (1993), where are memories stored?
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medial temporal lobe and mediodorsal thalamus
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The method of loci was created by the __________ to help memorize speeches.
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Greeks
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Which of the following is not a true function of memory attributes as retrieval cues.
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In order to retrieve a memory, all possible memory attributes must be used.
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Mnemonics are most effective when:
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vivid images are created and reliance on a well-learned body of knowledge
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Based upon the text, which of the following statements is most consistent with Loftus’s research on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony?
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Eyewitness testimony can be made inaccurate by asking questions that lead to change in the memory of an event.
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The false memory syndrome refers to:
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the creation of an inaccurate memory record, such as imagined sexual abuse
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