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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the principle endocrine glands?
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Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Parathyroids, Thyroid, Thymus, Adrenals, Pancreas (islets), Ovaries, Testes
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decrease in serum calcium level --> parathyroid gland--> increase in PTH (parathyroid hormone) --> increase in calcium mobilization from bone and calcium absorption in gut ---> increased serum calcium level ----> parathyroid gland--> decrease in PTH levels (increased calcium turns system off)
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Negative feedback for calcium regulation
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A low hormone level and up regulation, or an increase in number of ____________. A high hormone level and down regulation, or a decrease in number of ___________.
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receptors
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fat-soluble hormone binds to an
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intracellular receptor
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water-soluble hormone (peptide) binds to a
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membrane receptor on the plasma membrane
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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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target organ: adrenal gland
f: regulates growth and secretion of the adrenal gland, particularly cortisol and the androgen steriods |
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melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
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target organ: anterior pituitary
f: promotes secretion of melanin & lipotropin by anterior pituitary- skin darker |
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somatotropic hormones
growth hormone (GH) |
target organs: muscle, bone. liver
f: regulates metabolic processes related to growth and adaption to physical and emotional stressors, including skeletal growth, muscle growth, increased protein synth. , increases liver glycogenolysis, increased fat mobilization |
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prolactin
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target organ: breast
f: milk production |
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thryoid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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target organ: thyroid gland
f: increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone |
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luteinizing hormone (LH)
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target organ: in women:ovarian follicle
in men: leydig cells f: ovulation, progesterone production f: regulates spermatogenesis, testosterone production, testicular growth, and production of androgens |
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follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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target organ: in women: ovarian follicle
f: follicle maturation, estorgen production, acts on Sertoli cells to stimulate estrogen from androgens and synthesis of androgen-binding protein |
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B-Lipotropin
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target organ: adipose cells
f: fat breakdown and release of fatty acids |
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B-Endorphins
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target organ: adipose cells
f: analgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water intake |
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hypothalamic hormones stimulate the release of hormones from the _____________ ______________
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anterior pituitary
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Thalamus is superior to the __________ (w/in the 3rd ventricle) and the ________ is the most inferior (sits in the sella turcica)
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hypothalamus
pituitary |
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hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus are actually released from the ______________
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neurohypophysis
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A decrease in hypothalamic function would cause a _________ in releasing hormone production, thus a decrease from the anterior pituitary hormones, except for _________
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decrease
prolactin (b/c hypothalamic hormone is a prolactin inhibitory hormone) |
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w/ diabetes
a loss of endothelial cells leads to __________________ which leads to proliferation of subendothelial smooth muscle, which leads to fibrous plaque formation (_________________) |
exposure to platelets
atherosclerosis |
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w/ diabetes
hyperglycemia leads to increased polyol concentration in arterial wall = proliferation of _______________ __________ __________, which leads to atherosclerosis |
subendothelial smooth muscle
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w/ diabetes tissue anoxia leads to __________________
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atherosclerosis
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w/ diabetes
low-density lipoproteins --->proliferation of subendothelial smooth muscle ----> _____________ |
atherosclerosis
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Insulin ----> proliferation of subendothelial smooth muscle ---> ____________
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atherosclerosis
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thinning of scalp hair
acne increased body and facial hair moon face supraclavicular fat pad trunk obesity thin extremities easy bruising |
Symptoms of Cushing Disease
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outer covering of bone
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periosteium
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"growth plate"
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epiphyseal plate
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articular _________
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cartilage
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the marrow of bone
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yellow marrow
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in cancellous bone the lamellae are not arranged in concentric layers but in plates or bars termed ____________
that branch and unite w/ one another to form an irregular mesh work |
trabeculae
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the knee joint is of what type?
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synovial
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short term (anaerobic) sources of muscle activity
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1. ATP --> ADP + inorganic phosphate + energy
2. phosphocreatine + ADP <---> Creatine + ATP 3. Glycogen/glucose + Inorganic phosphate + ADP ---> Lactate + ATP |
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long term (aerobic) sources
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1.glycogen/glucose + ADP + inorganic phosphate + O2 ---> H20 + CO2 + ATP
2. free fatty acids + ADP + inorganic phosphate + O2 ---> H20 + CO2 + ATP 3. Cratine kinase catalyzes the reversible reaction of ATP to ADP: Creatine phosphate + ATP <-----> creatine + ATP |
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routes of infection to the joint
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-hematogenous route
- dissemination from osteomyelitis - spread from an adjacent soft tissue infection - diagnostic or therapeutic measures - penetrating damage by puncture or cutting |
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2 main types of malignant childhood bone tumors
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osteosarcoma
ewing sarcoma |
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Name the three types of muscle & where we could fine each type
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Skeletal - attached to bones
Cardiac - bulk of the wall of the heart Smooth - the walls of hollow structures |
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What are the two important types of proteinous filaments in a sarcomere
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actin
myosin |
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What two molecules are attached to the thinner filament (actin) that is important to the contractile action
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tropomysin (wrapped around in a spiral fashion)
troponin |
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What electrolyte is CRITICAL in making contraction happen?
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calcium
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What are the two important types of cells in bone? Which one moves minerals INTO bone? Which one does the opposite?
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osteoblasts - build
osteoclasts - extract minerals from bone and put them back into circulations in times of low calcium * synthetic calcitonin can help move calcium move into bone * parathyroid hormone (PTH) takes calcium from bone and puts into circulation |
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What is the main neurotransmitter involved in skeletal muscle contraction?
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acetocholine
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What are the sources of ATP for muscle contraction?
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4 sources of ATP:
-stored atp -phospho-creatine -anaerobic gylcolosis 1 glucose = 2 ATP -aerobic component(require oxygen to be present)- kreb's cycle = 2 ATP, electron transport chain = 32 ATP total 36 ATP |
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Why is it better to break a bone in your ankle rather than “sprain” it?
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bone is very vascular - potential to heal is high
tendons and ligaments have very poor blood supply |
