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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The eleventh century began the period of medieval art called __________
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Romanesque
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At this time, ____________ was triumphing in Europe and the church was gaining tremendous power
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Christianity
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The crusades were initiated to take back the Holy Land from Moslems and as a result many people moved back and forth across great land areas, creating an exchange of _____ and ________ ______
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ideas and artistic styles
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Romanesque art had influences from _______ ____, _____ _________ and _________ _____
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Ancient Rome, Early Christian and Byzantine times
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Churches and their decorations were the primary means of __________ for artists and builders
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employment
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The name Romanesque was coined in the __ _______ to cover all art from Roman times until the Gothic period
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19th century
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Contributors to the Growth and Development of Romanesque Art:
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◦ Threat of Islam had waned
◦ The barbarian raids from the north had subsided ◦ The eastern tribes were held in check ◦ Christianity was triumphing everywhere in Europe |
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Along came ________, a bloody movement organized to liberate the Holy Land from the Moslems and recaptured it for Christendom
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crusades
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The crusades moved huge numbers of people back across Europe and resulted in a _____ _______ __ ________ and _____
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great mingling of cultures and ideas
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We now encounter a period of art and architecture when certain traits, or characteristic features, appear throughout what we today call ______
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Europe
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It was the movement of ______ and _______ and the influence of the Church that provided the opportunity for artistic ideas and innovations to travel great distances
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people and artists
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________ _________ were undertaken everywhere
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Building campaigns
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Major efforts were directed toward ____________ ________ and _______ _________ to decorate them
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constructing churches and carving sculpture
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They are scattered all over Western Europe but most are in ______, _______, and _____
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France, Germany, and Italy
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The churches were built of carefully cut _____ _____, which varied in color and texture from place to place
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local stone
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The entrances were usually at the ____ ___
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west end
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The _________, or the place where nave (the central section of the church) and transept intersect, are often topped with towers, or domes with lanterns
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crossings
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These intersecting spaces produced the shape of a _____ _____ with one arm longer than the other three
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Latin cross
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____________, or walkways, were built around the apse to allow for large processions
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Ambulatories
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Often _____ _______ were added to the outside of these ambulatories to hold relics of saints brought back in the Crusades
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small chapels
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The wooden roofs of previous ages were replaced by _______ ______ ______
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masonry barrel vaults
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The vaults eliminated the danger of fire and produced better _________
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acoustics
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________ ______ could never attain great height because the problem of weight and trust was simply too difficult to overcome with existing engineering skills
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Interior spaces
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_______ were kept small so as not to weaken the walls, therefore the interiors were quite dark and had a rather heavy feeling
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Windows
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_____ ______, also a Roman feature, were used over windows and over niches that contained sculpture
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Round arches
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The apse area in the churches was greatly enlarged and included a _____, a raised area for the singing clergy
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choir
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When a monastery accompanied a church, the complex of buildings was called an _____
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abbey
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A _________, or open courtyard, with an arcades ambulatory usually connected the church with the living quarters of the monks
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cloister
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The home church for the Bishop always contained a special _____ or ______ for him
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chair or throne
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The chair was called a ________. It is from this term that the word _________ is derived
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cathedra; cathedral
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_____ _________ typifies Romanesque architecture in Germany
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Worms cathedral
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Notre-Dame-la-Grande is located in _______, ______
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Poitiers, France
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Notre-Dame-la-Grande is a ___ and ____ church
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low and wide
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The barrel-vaulted interior has _____ _______, and is heavy and dark
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small windows
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The west facade contains ________ large sculpted figures in niches formed by round arches and stumpy columns
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fourteen
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Directly above the entrance is a frieze of many figures illustrating scenes from the ____ __ ______
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life of Christ
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The _______, above the taller columns bunched at the corners, were added at a later time and do not seem to belong to the rest of the church
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helmets
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Notre-Dame-la-Grande is smaller than many others of the time and only has one ______, or _____ ________
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portal, or grand entrance
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Italian Romanesque architecture was ________, ____ ________, and ______ _________
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brighter, more colorful and highly decorated
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The grandest in central Italy is the complex at ____, made up of the cathedral, the baptistery, and the _________, or bell tower
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Pisa; campanile
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The cathedral is built on a _____ _____ ____ with an apse at each end of the transept and a pointed dome crowning the crossing
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Latin cross plan
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The interior has been strongly influenced by early Christian basilicas, with ____ __ _______ and a ______ ____
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rows of columns and a wooden roof
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All are made of _____ ______
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white marble
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The campanile, the famous _______ _____, started leaning during early construction and efforts were made, unsuccessfully, to straighten it
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Leaning Tower
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________ causes further tilting each year
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Settling
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The baptistery is a ____________ building that was completed in the late 13th century
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freestanding
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Sculpture during the Romanesque period was primarily _____ in scale and attached to architecture
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large
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It was expressive in ______ and placed an emphasis on evoking an _________ ________ to the viewer
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nature; emotional response
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The _____ ______ __ _____ _______ at _______ provides an outstanding example of Romanesque sculpture
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Abbey Church of Saint Pierre at Moissac
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On the central support of the south portal are interlaced _____ and __________. Such intertwined animals reflect barbaric influences as well as the style of Islamic art
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lions and lionesses
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Another landmark of Romanesque sculpture is on the tympanum of the church of __ ______
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St. Lazare
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It is a carving of ___ ____ _________, the moment at the end if the world when Christians believe all humankind will rise from the dead
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The Last Judgement
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The _______ also has a feature that rarely is encountered in medieval art
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tympanum
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It is one of the earliest surviving figurative sculptures that is signed by the artist who sculpted it, ___________
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Gislebertus
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________ took on added importance during the Romanesque period as the fresco gained in popularity
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Painting
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_______ were used to decorate interior spaces especially in Spain and Italy
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Frescos
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Churches in the _____ did not have frescos because the interiors were too dark and the weather was too damp to use the fresco technique effectively
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north
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______ and _____ ________ was painted by an unknown artist in a small church in Spain
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Virgin and Child Enthroned
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One of the most historic events that occurred during the Romanesque period was the ______ __ ________
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Battle of Hastings
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It inspired the creation of a famous work in _____
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fabric
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The wool embroidered frieze, which is 230ft long and 20 inches high, decorated the ______ _________
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Bayeux Cathedral
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The __ and __ centuries saw a massive shift in the population of Europe
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12th and 13th
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People moved from ___________ into _____, which grew in size to become cities and cathedrals became the religious, cultural, and social centers of the growing cities
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countryside into towns
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It was time for new ideas in the 13th century. From the newly found freedom emerged ______ ___ and, more particularly, ______ ____________
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Gothic art; Gothic architecture
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______ was first used as a term of ridicule by Renaissance critics because the style did not conform to the standards of Classical Greece and Rome
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Gothic
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_____ is the key word in Gothic architecture
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Unity
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Interiors and exteriors belong together and are imitated decorated. For the first time in history, they receive _____ ________
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equal emphasis
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The Gothic style of architecture began at the _____ _____ __ _____ _____, outside of Paris, in 1440, when Abbot Suger started to enlarge and redesign his small church to accommodate the many pilgrims who were visiting the chapel
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royal abbey of Saint Denis
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Abbot Suger wished to construct a church that was beautiful and his main concern was light because it symbolized the ________ __ ___
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presence of God
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Windows now replaced _____
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walls
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There is an overall feeling of __________ as master builder tried to make the interiors as high as possible, as if reaching toward heaven
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verticality
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______ _______ ______ added stability and strength and allowed huge glass windows
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Ribbed crossed vaults
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_______ ______ provided greater height and more open area
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Pointed arches
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A Gothic church has at least three (sometimes five) _______
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portals
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A huge round window, or ____ ______, often was placed over the main portal or at the ends of the transept
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rose window
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The Gothic architectural style spread through northern France and then to _______, _______, and ___ __ ________ ______. Finally, it filtered to Italy where it inspired a tremendous building boom
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England, Germany, and all of Northern Europe
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________ _________ is one of the best remaining examples of Gothic construction
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Chartres Cathedral
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The basis design is very _______
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unified
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Chartres Cathedral incorporated many new ideas such as ______ __________ (flying arches combined with tower buttresses) eliminated the need for heavy, solid Romanesque walls
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flying buttresses
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One of the best known Gothic cathedrals is located in a small island in the heart of Paris, _____ ____
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Notre Dame
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The inside shows the use of the _______ ____ and ______ ______
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pointed arch and ribbed vaults
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The __________ _______ are huge and reach up to the roof, allowing light to flood the vault itself
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clerestory windows
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To hold up the massive stone vault, ______ _________ lean against the walls at a point between windows where the vault starts on the inside
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flying buttresses
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_____ _________ has an interior arrangement similar to Notre Dame
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Reims Cathedral
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An immense _____ takes up about half the length of the building
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choir
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The west side of Reims Cathedral is fascinating because solidity and heaviness have been replaced by ________ and _________
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openings and lightness
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The towers are not solid at all but are carved stone openings of delicate _______ (ornamental stonework in a decorative pattern with a lace-like effect)
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tracery
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The rest of the cathedral is filled with _________: in the portals, over the portals, in other niches, and on platforms
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sculpture
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The _________ __ ______ is the largest in Germany
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Cathedral of Cologne
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It was built next to the _____ _____ and followed the plain of French cathedrals, which was not popular in Germany
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Rhine River
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In Italy Siena Cathedral is a zebra-striped marble church
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Sienna Cathedral
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It is elaborate and covered with _______ and _______
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statues and mosaics
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Most Italian Gothic churches have little in common with the ______ ______ ____ to the north
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French Gothic style
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Artists began to work again with increasingly _______ human, animal, and plant forms
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natural
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The earliest existing examples of Gothic sculpture are on the ____ ______ of ________, done about 1150
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west facade of Chartres
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The three portals are filled with sculpture on the _________
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tympanums
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___ ____ _________ __ ______, located on Chartres Cathsdral, are extremely elongated
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The Four Ancestors of Christ
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The statues lack a sense of ________
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movement
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The highest Gothic expression in Spain occurred in magnificent ___________
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altarpieces
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The __________ were really carved screens that separated the alters from the windows behind them
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altarpieces
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The ______ ________ __________ illustrates fifteen events in the life of Christ and are painted in brilliant color
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Toledo Cathedral altarpiece
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The techniques of producing glass sheets with brilliant color began during the __________ ______, but they reached their peak in the magnificent windows of a Gothic structure
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Romanesque period
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A full scale line drawing (called a _______) was first put on a large board. Then sheets of glass were placed over it and cut according to the lines
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cartoon
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Carved stone tracery of ____ ____ were used as supported to hold the entire window flat so that it could be set upright in place
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iron bars
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____ and _____ dominated Gothic color schemes, although many other colors were used
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Red and blues
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________ is the jolt major Gothic cathedral that retains much of its original stained glass
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Chartres
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Because the huge stained glass pictures successfully illustrated the Bible in Northern European cathedrals, _____________ ________ was kept to a minimum
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architectural painting
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Some altarpieces were painted, but most French religious paintings were restricted to __________ ____________
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manuscript illumination
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- Was seen as one of the most respected painters in Florence
- He was vigorous, dynamic, and experimental when it came to artwork - His masquerade is a series of frescos that decorate the walls of a small chapel |
Giotto (1267-1337)
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- The Byzantine tradition remained a strong influence in his town of Siena
- Known for his large painted altarpiece in the Cathedral of Siena - Many of his paintings contain part of the Sienese landscape and the city itself |
Duccio (1278-1319)
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- He was Duccio's pupil and made a further break with Byzantine tradition
- Picked up some ideas from the French Gothic painters - Known for the painting Annunciation which is panel painting over ten feet wide |
Simone Martini (1284-1344)
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- Greatest Italian painter of International style
- Known for his tempera painting, The Adoration of the Magi - Took care with natural details |
Gentile da Fabriano (1370-1427)
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