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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sedimentary rock
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rock that forms either by the cementing together of fragments broken off preexisting rock or by the precipitation of mineral crystals out of water solutions at or near the earth's surface
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biochemical sedimentary rock
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sedimentary rock formed from material (such as shells) produced by living organisms
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Breccia
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Course sedimentary rock consisting of angular fragments or rock broken into angular fragments by faulting
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bed
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a distinct layer of sedimentary strata
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cementation
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the phase of lithification in which cement, consisting of minerals that precipitate from groundwater, partially or completely fills the spaces between clasts and attaches each grain to its neighbor
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Chemical sedimentary rock
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Sedimentary rock made up of minerals that precipitate from water solution
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Clastic (detrital) sedimentary rock
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sedimentary rock consisting of cemented-together detrius derived from the weathering of preexisting rock
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Clast
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a fragment of detritus (a pebble or a sand grain)
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conglomerate
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very course-grained sedimentary rock consisting of rounded clasts
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cross bed
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A lamintation inclined to the main bedding it represents the slip face of a layer deposited in a current
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deposition
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The process by which sediment settles out of a transporting medium
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diagenesis
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changes that happen to sediment or sedimentary rock during and subsequent to lithification but at temperatures less than that of the lowest-grade metamorphism
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erosion
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the grinding away and removal of earth's surface materials by moving water, air or ice
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graded bed
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a layer of clastic sediment or sedimentary rock in which clast size progressively decreases from the base to the top of the bed; graded beds form by deposition from a turbidity current
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limestone
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sedimentary rock composed of calcite
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lithification
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the transformation of loose sediment into solid rock through compaction and cementation
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mudstone
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very fine-grained sedimentary rock that will not easily split into sheets
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regression
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the seaward migration of a shoreline caused by a lowering of sea level
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ripple marks
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wave-like ridges and troughs on the surface of a sedimentary layer formed during decomposition in a current
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sandstone
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course-grained sedimentary rock consisting almost entirely of quartz
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sedimentary basin
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a depression, created as a consequence of subsidence that fills with sediment
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sedimentary structure
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a characteristic of sedimentary deposits that pertains to the character of bedding and/or the surface features of a bed
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shale
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a very fine-grained sedimentary rock that breaks into thin sheets
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siltstone
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fine-grained sedimentary rock generally generally composed of very small quartz grains
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sorting
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1. the range of clast sizes in a collection of sediment 2. the degree to which sediment has been seperated by flowing currents into different-size fractions
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strata
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a succession of sedimentary beds
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Burial metamorphism
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metamorphism due to the increase in temperature and pressure in a rock when it has been buried to a depth of several kilometers
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contact metamorphism
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metamorphism caused by heat conducted into country rock from an igneous intrusion
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dynamic metamorphism
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metamorphism that occurs as a consequence of shearing alone, with no change in temperature or pressure
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Hydrothermal metamorphism
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The change that occurs in a rock due to interaction with high-temperature water solutions
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hornfels
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rock that undergoes metamorphism simply because of a change in temperature, without being subjected to differential stress
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gneiss
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a compositionally banded metamorphic rock typically composed of alternating dark- and light-colored layers
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foliation
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layering formed as a consequence of the alignment of mineral grains, or of compositional banding in a metamorphic rock
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marble
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a metamorphic rock composed of calcite and transformed from a protolith of limestone
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metamorphic foliation
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a fabric defined by parallel surfaces or layers that develop in a rock as a result of metamorphism under a specific range of pressures and temperatures
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metamorphic rock
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rock thats forms when preexisting rock changes into new rock as a result of an increase in pressure and temperature and/or shearing under elevated temperatures; metamorphism occurs without rock first becoming a melt or sediment
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metamorphic texture
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the arrangement of grains formed as a result of metamorphism
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metamorphism
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the process by which one kind of rock transforms into a different kind of rock
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phyllite
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a fine-grained metamorphic rock with a foliation caused by the prefferred orientation of very fine-grained mica.
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Protolith
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the original rock from which a metamorphic rock formed
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quartzite
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a metamorphic rock composed of quartz and transformed from a protolith of quartz sandstone
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regional metamorphism
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metamorphism of a broad region, usually the result of deep burial during a mountain building event
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Schist
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a medium to coarse grained metamorphic rock that possess foliation caused by the preferred orientation of large mica flakes
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slate
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fine-grained, low-grade metamorphic rock, formed by the metamorphism of shale
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