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Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

B – Political Parties
1. Providing a label that helps voters identify those seeking office is an important function of?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

A – State Convention
2. In the state of Texas, the highest level of temporary party organization is the?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

C – General Election
4. The first Tuesday following the first Monday in November of even-numbered years is the day for which election?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

D – Closed Primary
5. Officially, Texas has a?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

A – Income and Education
7. The 2 most important factors in determining whether someone will vote are?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

D - Media
8. The most costly item for most political campaigns is?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

11. Precinct (pg. 828)
A local voting district.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

12. Precinct Chair (pg. 828)
Heads the Precinct Convention and Serve on the Party’s County Executive Committee

The local party official, elected in the party’s primary election, who heads the precinct convention and serves on the party’s county executive committee.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

4. County Executive Committee (pg. 828)
Responsible for Running County’s Primary Elections and Planning County Conventions.

The party group, made up of a party’s county chair and precinct chairs, which is responsible for running a county’s primary elections and planning county conventions.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

2. County Chair (pg. 828)
The county party official, who heads the county executive committee.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

21. State Executive Committee (pg. 828)
The committee responsible for governing a party’s activities throughout the state.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

19. State Chair and Vice Chair (pg. 828)
The top 2 state-level leaders in the party.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

13. Precinct Convention (pg. 829)
A meeting held by a political party to select delegates for the county convention and to submit resolutions to the party’s state platform; ________ __________ are held on the day of the party’s primary election and are open to anyone who voted in that election.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

3. County Convention (pg. 828)
A meeting held by a political party following its precinct conventions, for the purpose of electing delegates to its state convention.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

20. State Convention (pg. 828)
Party Meeting held every 2 Years, Nominates Candidates for Statewide Office, Adopting a Platform, Electing Party’s Leadership; in Presidential election years, Selects Delegates for National Convention and chooses Presidential Electors

A party meeting held every 2 years for the purpose of nominating candidates for statewide office, adopting a platform, electing the party’s leadership, and in presidential election years selecting delegates for the national convention and choosing presidential electors.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

One of the most important functions of political parties is to select (Candidates) to run for office under the party label, which is done through (Primary Elections).
One of the most important functions of political parties is to select __________ to run for office under the party label, which is done through _______ _________.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

If several candidates are running and none receive a (Majority Vote), the party will then hold a (Run-Off Election) to decide who will be (Nominated).
If several candidates are running and none receive a ________ ____, the party will then hold a ___-___ ________ to decide who will be _________.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

During the 19th century, candidates were nominated at (Party Conventions), but early in the 20th century, Texas moved to the (Primary) as a way of selecting candidates.
During the 19th century, candidates were nominated at ____ ___________, but early in the 20th century, Texas moved to the _______ as a way of selecting candidates.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

In understanding how parties are organized, there is the (Permanent) organization of the party, and the (Temporary (Campaign)) organization.
In understanding how parties are organized, there is the _________ organization of the party, and the ________ (________) organization.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

In each election (Precinct), a (Precinct Chair) will be elected in the party primary as well as the (County Chair).
In each election ________, a ________ _____ will be elected in the party primary as well as the ______ ____.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

The Precinct Chair will head the (Precinct Convention) and will also serve on the party's (County Executive Committee).
The Precinct Chair will head the ________ __________ and will also serve on the party's ______ _________ _________.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

The County Chair will head the (County Executive Committee), which is composed of the (Chair) and the (Precinct Chairs).
The County Chair will head the ______ _________ _________, which is composed of the _____ and the ________ _____.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

The main responsibility of the County Executive Committee is to run the county (Primary) and plan the (County Conventions).
The main responsibility of the County Executive Committee is to run the county _______ and plan the ______ ___________.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

At the state level, there is a (State Executive Committee), which includes a (State Chair) and (Vice Chair). Who are elected every (2 Years) at the state party conventions.
At the state level, there is a _____ _________ _________, which includes a _____ _____ and ____ _____. Who are elected every _ _____ at the state party conventions.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

1. Accept Filings by Candidates for Statewide Office
2. Helps Raise Funds for the Party
3. Helps Establish Party Policy
What are 3 things the State Executive Committee does?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

The temporary organization of the party includes the (Precinct Conventions), which its main role is to select (Delegates) to the (County Convention); and also to submit (Resolutions) that may eventually become part of the party platform.
The temporary organization of the party includes the ________ __________, which its main role is to select _________ to the ______ __________; and also to submit ___________ that may eventually become part of the party platform.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

Delegates chosen by the precinct convention then go to the (County) (or in urban areas, district) (Conventions), who then elect delegates to go to the (State Convention).
Delegates chosen by the precinct convention then go to the ______ (or in urban areas, district) ___________, who then elect delegates to go to the _____ __________.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

1. Certify the nominees of the party for statewide office
2. Adopt a Platform
3. Elect a Chair, Vice Chair, and a State Executive Committee
Democrats and Republicans hold state conventions every other year, what do they do at state conventions?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
1. Party Organization has 2 parts:

1. Select Delegates for the National Party Conventions
2. Elect Delegates for the National Party Committee
3. Choose Presidential Electors, who will vote in the electoral college for the state if the party's choice for president carries the state in the election.
In state conventions, what occurs in presidential election years?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
2. Party-Registration system in Texas

Texas does not have a system of (Party Registration) for (Voters).
Texas does not have a system of _____ ____________ for ______.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
2. Party-Registration system in Texas

Registered Voters may vote in either the Democratic or Republican Party (Primary).
Registered Voters may vote in either the Democratic or Republican Party _______.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
2. Party-Registration system in Texas

When someone votes in a primary, their (Voter Registration Card), will be stamped "Democrat" or "Republican" to prevent them from voting in the other (Primary) as well.
When someone votes in a primary, their _____ ____________ ____, will be stamped "Democrat" or "Republican" to prevent them from voting in the other _______ as well.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
3. History as a One-Party State

With the defeat of Republican governor Edmund J. Davis in (1873), Texas entered a period of Democratic dominance that would last for over a (Century).
With the defeat of Republican governor Edmund J. Davis in ____, Texas entered a period of Democratic dominance that would last for over a _______.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
3. History as a One-Party State

People remained Republican during this time in hopes of gaining (Political Patronage) (usually local (Postmaster) or rural (Mail Carrier) positions) once Republican presidents were in office.
People remained Republican during this time in hopes of gaining _________ _________ (usually local __________ or rural ____ _______ positions) once Republican presidents were in office.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
3. History as a One-Party State

In 1952 and 1956, The Democratic governor (Allan Shivers) (who was a Conservative Democrat) led a movement often known as the (Shivercrat Movement).
In 1952 and 1956, The Democratic governor _____ _______ (who was a Conservative Democrat) led a movement often known as the __________ ________.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
3. History as a One-Party State

The Shivercrat Movement is where Conservative Democrats supported (Republican Candidates) for (President), as they felt that the (National) Democratic Party had become too (Liberal).
The Shivercrat Movement is where Conservative Democrats supported __________ __________ for _________, as they felt that the ________ Democratic Party had become too _______.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
3. History as a One-Party State

Democrat and Republican (which caused much tension in the Democratic Party between the Liberals and Conservatives)
Allan Shivers and all statewide officeholders except the agriculture commissioner, John White, ran on the national ballot as what?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
3. History as a One-Party State

14. Presidential Republicanism (pg. 830)
A voting pattern in which conservatives vote Democratic for state offices, but Republican for presidential candidates.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
3. History as a One-Party State

During the 1950's, the Democratic Party was considered an (Umbrella Party) which held a variety of (Groups) and (Interests).
During the 1950's, the Democratic Party was considered an ________ _____ which held a variety of ______ and _________.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
3. History as a One-Party State

1. Labor Unions and Businesspeople
2. Farmers and Citydwellers
The Democratic Party in the 1950's held Liberals and Conservatives, who else did they represent (2 groups)?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
3. History as a One-Party State

Personal Ties and Personal Popularity of Individual Candidates
There were many inter-party battles between the Liberals and Conservatives during this time for control of the Democratic Party and Offices, but what political organization existed tended to be based on what?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
3. History as a One-Party State

With the imposition of the (Poll Tax) and the (White Primary), stable factions ceased to exist in the Democratic Party. Earlier factions in Texas politics reflected "(Have)" and "(Have-Not)" economic interests.
With the imposition of the ____ ___ and the _____ _______, stable factions ceased to exist in the Democratic Party. Earlier factions in Texas politics reflected "____" and "____-___" economic interests.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
3. History as a One-Party State

Until about the (1940's), Texas politics was often (Chaotic) and (Confused). Yet by the mid (1940's), a Liberal-Conservative split developed focusing on (New Deal) economic policies and (Civil Rights) measures.
Until about the ____'s, Texas politics was often _______ and ________. Yet by the mid ____'s, a Liberal-Conservative split developed focusing on ___ ____ economic policies and _____ ______ measures.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
3. History as a One-Party State

Win the General Election, which lasted until the late 1970's, when the Republican Party with Conservatives significantly strengthened.
During the mid-1940's through the mid-1970's, the victor of the squabbles between the Liberals and Conservatives would go on to do what?
How long did this last?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
4. Party Unity in Texas

All groups have factions within them, and (Political Parties) are no exception. Now that the Republicans are the dominant party in Texas, major factional battles have occurred for control between (Religious Conservatives) and (Economic Conservatives).
All groups have factions within them, and _________ _______ are no exception. Now that the Republicans are the dominant party in Texas, major factional battles have occurred for control between _________ _____________ and _________ _____________.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
4. Party Unity in Texas

1. Abortion
2. Prayer in Public Schools and School Events
3. The Teaching of Evolution in Public Schools
4. The Perceived Decline in Family Values
The Religious Conservatives (Religious Right) are concerned with social issues such as what (name 4)?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
4. Party Unity in Texas

1. Reduced Government Spending
2. Lower Taxes
3. Greater Emphasis on Free Enterprise
The Economic Conservatives are more concerned with what (name 3)?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
4. Party Unity in Texas

The most important thing for the Republican Party is to keep factional disputes (Within The Party), or it could lead one of the factions-most likely the (Moderates)-to move to the (Democratic Party).
The most important thing for the Republican Party is to keep factional disputes ______ ___ _____, or it could lead one of the factions-most likely the _________-to move to the __________ _____.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
4. Party Unity in Texas

Because the Republican Party was not Strong, meaning the Democrats had no place to go.
During the disagreements between the Democratic Party, the disputes remained within the party, why?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
5. Primaries Open or Closed, What is the difference?

15. Primary Elections (pg. 839)
Elections held to select a party’s candidate for the general election.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
5. Primaries Open or Closed, What is the difference?

16. Runoff Primary (pg. 839)
Where no candidate received a majority, a second primary election is held between the 2 candidates who received the most votes in the 1st primary election.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
5. Primaries Open or Closed, What is the difference?

9. Open Primary (pg. 839)
A primary election in which the voter can wait until the day of the primary to choose which party to enroll in to select candidates for the general election.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
5. Primaries Open or Closed, What is the difference?

1. Closed Primary (pg. 839)
A primary election in which voters can participate in the nomination of candidates, but only of the party in which they are enrolled for a period of time prior to the primary day.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
5. Primaries Open or Closed, What is the difference?

(Primary Elections) are the 1st elections held, which occurs on the 2nd (Tuesday) in (March) on (Even) numbered years.
_______ _________ are the 1st elections held, which occurs on the 2nd _______ in _____ on ____ numbered years.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
5. Primaries Open or Closed, What is the difference?

Primary Elections determine the party's (Nominees) for the (General Election), which are conducted by the political party and funded (Jointly) by the (Party) and the (State).
Primary Elections determine the party's ________ for the _______ ________, which are conducted by the political party and funded ______ by the _____ and the _____.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
5. Primaries Open or Closed, What is the difference?

Their share of holding the Primary Election
Parties collect filing fees from those seeking nomination and use these funds to pay for what?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
5. Primaries Open or Closed, What is the difference?

Both parties conduct primaries in all of Texas's (254) counties, in each county voters cast (Ballots) in (Precincts). Less populated counties like Loving and Kenedy have as few as (6) precincts, as opposed to Harris County which has over (1,000).
Both parties conduct primaries in all of Texas's ___ counties, in each county voters cast _______ in _________. Less populated counties like Loving and Kenedy have as few as _ precincts, as opposed to Harris County which has over ____.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
5. Primaries Open or Closed, What is the difference?

Republicans (or Democrats) seeking their party's (Nomination) file papers and pay a (Filing Fee) to their party. If their is more than 1 candidate seeking office of (Governor), they will (Campaign) against each other and 1 will be chosen to run in the (General Election).
Republicans (or Democrats) seeking their party's __________ file papers and pay a ______ ___ to their party. If their is more than 1 candidate seeking office of ________, they will ________ against each other and 1 will be chosen to run in the _______ ________.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
5. Primaries Open or Closed, What is the difference?

In order to win a primary, it requires that the candidate wins by (Absolute Majority), if this doesn't occur, they will hold a (Runoff Primary), held the 2nd Tuesday in April, between the 2 candidates who received the most votes.
In order to win a primary, it requires that the candidate wins by ________ ________, if this doesn't occur, they will hold a ______ _______, held the 2nd Tuesday in April, between the 2 candidates who received the most votes.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
5. Primaries Open or Closed, What is the difference?

Vote in either parties runoff primary (only in 1 or the other)
Voters who vote in their parties primary cannot vote in the other parties primary or runoff primary, but a voter who hasn't voted can do what?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
5. Primaries Open or Closed, What is the difference?

Right before voting, the voter makes a declaration of party affiliation, then votes, which makes this a closed primary, in the narrowest sense of the term
In Texas, it is considered a state with a closed primary, yet in practice it is an open primary, why?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
6. Historical Restrictions on the Right to Vote

Women were allowed to vote in (Primaries) and (Party Conventions) in Texas in 1918, and were able to vote in all elections as a result of the (19th) amendment in (1920).
Women were allowed to vote in _________ and _____ ___________ in Texas in 1918, and were able to vote in all elections as a result of the __th amendment in ____.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
6. Historical Restrictions on the Right to Vote

Texas became the (9th) state in the U.S. and the (1st) state in the (South) to ratify the women's suffrage amendment.
Texas became the _th state in the U.S. and the _st state in the _____ to ratify the women's suffrage amendment.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
6. Historical Restrictions on the Right to Vote

Minorities had a tougher time gaining access to the ballot, in the early 20th century powerful (Political Bosses), had economic power and personal influence over (Hispanic) voters.
Minorities had a tougher time gaining access to the ballot, in the early 20th century powerful _________ ______, had economic power and personal influence over ________ voters.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
6. Historical Restrictions on the Right to Vote

10. Poll Tax (pg. 841)
A state-imposed tax on voters as a prerequisite for registration. ____ ___ were made unconstitutional in national elections by the 24th amendment, and in state elections by the Supreme Court in 1966.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
6. Historical Restrictions on the Right to Vote

(Early Registration) required that voters had to register (9) months before the General Election, and had to be renewed every year, which lasted until (1971), when the federal courts voided this practice.
_____ ____________ required that voters had to register _ months before the General Election, and had to be renewed every year, which lasted until ____, when the federal courts voided this practice.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
6. Historical Restrictions on the Right to Vote

The (White Primary), was designed to discriminate against African Americans, thus not allowing them to vote in any meaningful election. For this to work, it was necessary for Texas to be a (One-Party State), where elections were decided in the party primary.
The _____ _______, was designed to discriminate against African Americans, thus not allowing them to vote in any meaningful election. For this to work, it was necessary for Texas to be a ___-____ _____, where elections were decided in the party primary.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
6. Historical Restrictions on the Right to Vote

The most important law concerning Black and Hispanic voting rights was the (1965 Voting Rights Act), which applied to Texas as a result of Congressional amendments after (1975).
The most important law concerning Black and Hispanic voting rights was the ____ ______ ______ ___, which applied to Texas as a result of Congressional amendments after ____.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
7. Reasons for Low Voter Turnout in Texas

In most elections, fewer than 50% of U.S. citizens vote, and historically, Texans rank in the bottom (3rd) in terms of (Voter Participation).
In most elections, fewer than 50% of U.S. citizens vote, and historically, Texans rank in the bottom _rd in terms of _____ _____________.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
7. Reasons for Low Voter Turnout in Texas

1. Low Levels of Educational Attainment
2. Low Per Capita Income
3. High Rate of Poverty
4. Ethnicity
5. Residing in the South (Confederacy)
6. Young Population
7. Traditionalistic and Individualistic Political Culture
8. Weak Political Parties and Interest Groups
9. Poor Media
There are 9 reasons why Texans seldom vote, what are they?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
7. Reasons for Low Voter Turnout in Texas

The political and economic elite discourages voting.
What does Traditionalistic Political Culture mean?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
7. Reasons for Low Voter Turnout in Texas

Real or perceived corruption in the government.
What does Individualistic Political Culture mean?
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
7. Reasons for Low Voter Turnout in Texas

There are other reasons why Texas has such a low voter turnout, such as the Texas tradition of (Decentralized) government, there are so many (Elections) in Texas and so many (Candidates) for office that voters are overloaded.
There are other reasons why Texas has such a low voter turnout, such as the Texas tradition of _____________ government, there are so many _________ in Texas and so many ___________ for office that voters are overloaded.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
7. Reasons for Low Voter Turnout in Texas

Elections for major offices in Texas are scheduled not to coincide with the (Presidential) election in order to keep the state election (Separate) from the (Influences) of the (Presidential) candidate.
Elections for major offices in Texas are scheduled not to coincide with the ___________ election in order to keep the state election ________ from the _________ of the ____________ candidate.
Ch. 21 - Parties & Elections in Texas
7. Reasons for Low Voter Turnout in Texas

A third problem is that most elections in Texas involve very (Low-Visibility) offices. Voters likely know little about the (Candidates) for these positions or the (Offices) themselves, which a lack of knowledge would discourage voter participation. Texas makes little effort to enhance voter (Knowledge) of candidates.
A third problem is that most elections in Texas involve very ___-__________ offices. Voters likely know little about the __________ for these positions or the _______ themselves, which a lack of knowledge would discourage voter participation. Texas makes little effort to enhance voter _________ of candidates.
Ch. 22 - Lobbying & Interest Groups
Who Represents "Bubba"?

A problem with lobbying is "(Legislators) are rubbing shoulders with...(Lobbyists), almost all of whom hustle for (Business) interests" claimed Craig McDonald.
A problem with lobbying is "___________ are rubbing shoulders with..._________, almost all of whom hustle for ________ interests" claimed Craig McDonald.
Ch. 22 - Lobbying & Interest Groups
Who Represents "Bubba"?

Nowhere on the list of Texas' buggest lobby spenders will you find a single group dedicated to the interests of (Consumers), (The Environment), or (Human Services).
Nowhere on the list of Texas' buggest lobby spenders will you find a single group dedicated to the interests of _________, ___ ___________, or _____ ________.
Ch. 22 - Lobbying & Interest Groups
Who Represents "Bubba"?

Many issues considered by Texas government may pit one (Business) interest against another, and sometimes a (Business) or (Professional) organization may find itself aligned with (Consumer) interests.
Many issues considered by Texas government may pit one ________ interest against another, and sometimes a ________ or ____________ organization may find itself aligned with ________ interests.
Ch. 22 - Lobbying & Interest Groups
Who Represents "Bubba"?

Interest groups without money may still be able to (Mobilize) their members in order to accomplish their objectives, or they may be able to influence (Public Opinion).
Interest groups without money may still be able to ________ their members in order to accomplish their objectives, or they may be able to influence ______ _______.
Ch. 22 - Lobbying & Interest Groups
Who Represents "Bubba"?

In 2005 - 2006, Texas was under a court (Mandate) to pass school finance reform, and there was a widespread public outcry over high property taxes, yet even with multiple (Special Sessions), the legislature had difficulty resolving either issue. Rick Perry, Texas' Governor claimed it was because the legislature was overly influenced by (Business) lobbyists fearing that changes in school finance and property taxes would increase their (Tax Burden).
In 2005 - 2006, Texas was under a court _______ to pass school finance reform, and there was a widespread public outcry over high property taxes, yet even with multiple _______ ________, the legislature had difficulty resolving either issue. Rick Perry, Texas' Governor claimed it was because the legislature was overly influenced by ________ lobbyists fearing that changes in school finance and property taxes would increase their ___ ______.
Ch. 22 - Lobbying & Interest Groups
Who Represents "Bubba"?

No-one really as business is more profitable for lobbyists.
So who represents Bubba (Bubba being consumers and the "average" person)?
Ch. 26 - Local Government
"Dillon's Rule" & "Home Rule"

"Dillon's Rule" states that (Local) governments are creatures of the states, created by the states and only empowered insofar as the states choose to empower them. One logical consequence is that local governments have no authority to act unless specifically (Authorized) to do so. Basically, if the state (Legislature) has not passed legislation allowing localities to organize (Police) forces, they cannot do so.
"Dillon's Rule" states that _____ governments are creatures of the states, created by the states and only empowered insofar as the states choose to empower them. One logical consequence is that local governments have no authority to act unless specifically __________ to do so. Basically, if the state ___________ has not passed legislation allowing localities to organize ______ forces, they cannot do so.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
"Dillon's Rule" & "Home Rule"

Dillon rationalized this position by noting the tendency of (Municipal) governments toward (Corruption) and (Inefficiency); and also that smart, competent men would not bother with (Local) government, and would run for the (State) legislature rather than a (City) council.
Dillon rationalized this position by noting the tendency of _________ governments toward __________ and ____________; and also that smart, competent men would not bother with _____ government, and would run for the _____ legislature rather than a ____ council.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
"Dillon's Rule" & "Home Rule"

The Supreme Court adopted the fundamental premise in 1907, in a case called Hunter V. City of Pittsburgh. Hunter dealt with a Pennsylvania statute that allowed for (Merging) contiguous municipalities through the process of annexation. Under the statute, a majority of the voters in the 2 municipalities could approve annexation of the smaller city by the larger; over the objection of the City of Allegheny's residents, the City of Pittsburgh's residents voted to annex the smaller City of Allegheny. The Supreme Court held that residents of a (Municipality) had no (Constitutionally) protected interest in their (Local Government).
The Supreme Court adopted the fundamental premise in 1907, in a case called Hunter V. City of Pittsburgh. Hunter dealt with a Pennsylvania statute that allowed for _______ contiguous municipalities through the process of annexation. Under the statute, a majority of the voters in the 2 municipalities could approve annexation of the smaller city by the larger; over the objection of the City of Allegheny's residents, the City of Pittsburgh's residents voted to annex the smaller City of Allegheny. The Supreme Court held that residents of a ____________ had no _______________ protected interest in their _____ __________.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
"Dillon's Rule" & "Home Rule"

In the 1900's, many states, including Texas, responded to Dillon's Rule by creating "(Home-Rule)" provisions: broad grants of power to localities. In Texas, cities of over 5,000 residents may choose to operate under a home-rule charter. Which a Texas city may levy (Property) taxes at a higher rate and my generally (Govern) itself (subject to a few minimal restrictions imposed by the Texas (Constitution)).
In the 1900's, many states, including Texas, responded to Dillon's Rule by creating "____-____" provisions: broad grants of power to localities. In Texas, cities of over 5,000 residents may choose to operate under a home-rule charter. Which a Texas city may levy _______ taxes at a higher rate and my generally ______ itself (subject to a few minimal restrictions imposed by the Texas ____________).
Ch. 26 - Local Government
"Dillon's Rule" & "Home Rule"

Do It!!!
Read over Dillon's Rule handout again, just to go over it to make sure I didn't leave out anything important.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
County Commissioner's Court

11. County Commissioners Court (pg. 970)
The main governing body of each county; has the authority to set the county tax rate and budget. The most important bodies of county elected officials.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
County Commissioner's Court

12. County Judge (pg. 970)
The person in each of Texas’s 254 counties who presides over the county court and county commissioners court, with responsibility for the administration of county government; some ______ ______ carry out judicial responsibilities. Elected to 4 year terms.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
County Commissioner's Court

10. County Commissioner (pg. 970)
Government official (4 per county) on the county commissioners court whose main duty is the construction and maintenance of roads and bridges.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
County Commissioner's Court

The structure of the current arrangement of the county commissioners court, consists of a (County Judge), and 4 (Commissioners).
The structure of the current arrangement of the county commissioners court, consists of a ______ _____, and 4 _____________.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Primary Functions of County Governments

1. Road and Bridge Maintenance
2. Law Enforcement
3. Dispute Resolution
4. Record-Keeping
5. Social Services
What are the primary functions of County Governments (name 5 functions)?
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Primary Functions of County Governments

7. County Attorney (pg. 975)
County official who prosecutes lesser criminal cases in the county court.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Primary Functions of County Governments

14. District Attorney (pg. 975)
Public official who prosecutes the more serious criminal cases in the district court.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Primary Functions of County Governments

9. County Clerk (pg. 975)
Public official who is the main record-keeper of the county.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Primary Functions of County Governments

15. District Clerk (pg. 975)
Public official who is the main record-keeper of the district court.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Primary Functions of County Governments

13. County Tax Assessor-Collector (pg. 975)
Public official who maintains the county tax records and collects the taxes owed to the county.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Primary Functions of County Governments

8. County Auditor (pg. 975)
Public official, appointed by the district judges, who receives and disburses county funds; in large counties, this official also prepares the county budget.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Forms of City Governments

18. Mayor-Council form of Government (pg. 978)
A form of city government in which the mayor is the chief executive and the city council is the legislative body; in the strong mayor-council variation, the mayor’s powers enable him or her to control executive departments and the agenda of the city council; in the weak mayor-council variation, the mayor’s power is more limited.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Forms of City Governments

23. Single-Member District (pg. 978)
An electorate that is allowed to select only one representative from each district.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Forms of City Governments

3. Commissioner form of Government (pg. 978)
A form of city government in which the city is run by a small group of elected commissioners who act in both legislative and executive capacities.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Forms of City Governments

5. Council-Manager form of Government (pg. 979)
A form of city government in which public policies are developed by the city council and executive and administrative functions are assigned to a professional city manager.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Forms of City Governments

1. At-Large Election (pg. 979)
An election in which officials are selected by voters of the entire geographical area, rather than from smaller districts within that area.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Forms of City Governments

The mayor-council form of government is the (Oldest), and consists of an elected mayor and city council. The mayor is elected from the city at large. The council may be elected either at large or from a series of (Single-Member Districts), or a mixture of the 2. The mayor presides over council meetings and has a variety of appointment powers. The city council, serves as the (Legislative Body) in the city, passing local laws and watching over the (Executive) departments.
The mayor-council form of government is the _______, and consists of an elected mayor and city council. The mayor is elected from the city at large. The council may be elected either at large or from a series of ______-______ _________, or a mixture of the 2. The mayor presides over council meetings and has a variety of appointment powers. The city council, serves as the ___________ ____ in the city, passing local laws and watching over the _________ departments.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Forms of City Governments

In the commissioner form of government, the city is run by a small (Commission), composed of between 5 and 7 members generally elected on an (At-Large) basis. The commission acts in both a legislative and an executive capacity. As a group, commissioners enact (Laws) for the city. As individuals, commissioners are in charge of one of a variety of departments. One commissioner is also designated as the (Mayor) to preside at meetings.
In the commissioner form of government, the city is run by a small __________, composed of between 5 and 7 members generally elected on an __-_____ basis. The commission acts in both a legislative and an executive capacity. As a group, commissioners enact ____ for the city. As individuals, commissioners are in charge of one of a variety of departments. One commissioner is also designated as the _____ to preside at meetings.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Forms of City Governments

In the council-manager form of government, a city council elected in an at-large election was to be the (Policy-Making) body. In this form, members received little or no pay and were intended to be citizens serving the public good. A mayor was selected from among the council members. The (City Manager) was to be the chief executive and administrative official in the city. This was to accomplish 2 goals: to free local government from the seamier side of (Politics) and to bring (Administrative) expertise to local government.
In the council-manager form of government, a city council elected in an at-large election was to be the ______-______ body. In this form, members received little or no pay and were intended to be citizens serving the public good. A mayor was selected from among the council members. The ____ _______ was to be the chief executive and administrative official in the city. This was to accomplish 2 goals: to free local government from the seamier side of ________ and to bring ______________ expertise to local government.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Forms of City Governments

Mayor-Council
What is Houston's form of city government?
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Forms of City Governments

Council-Manager
What is Dallas' form of city government?
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Forms of City Governments

Council-Manager
What is San Antonio's form of city government?
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Special Districts

24. Special District (pg. 982)
A unit of local government that performs a single service, such as education or sanitation, within a limited geographical area.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Special Districts

1. Provide Hospital Care
2. Furnish Pure Water to Cities, who sell it to their Residents
3. Mosquito Control
4. Navigation
5. Flood Control
6. Sanitation
7. Drainage
8. Law Enforcement
These are just a few examples
Special districts can be created to serve an entire county, part of a county, all of 2 or more counties, or parts of 2 or more counties. What are some things that can be done through Special Districts (name 8)?
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Special Districts

There are 2 types of special districts in Texas, the 1st is (School District), the other is (Nonschool Special District).
There are 2 types of special districts in Texas, the 1st is ______ ________, the other is _________ _______ ________.
Ch. 26 - Local Government
Special Districts

1. Municipal Utility Districts (MUD)
2. Economic Development Corporations
3. Hospital Districts
4. Fire-Prevention Districts
What are some examples of the most common Nonschool Districts (name 4)?
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Texas Constitution Impede Budgetary Process

3. Biennial (pg. 996)
Occurring every 2 years.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Texas Constitution Impede Budgetary Process

6. Dedicated Funds (pg. 996)
A portion of the state budget that is dedicated to mandatory spending on programs such as health care for the poor.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Texas Constitution Impede Budgetary Process

The legislature has to write a 2-year, or biennial, budget since the Texas constitution has a (Provision) that it can only meet in (Regular Session) once every 2 years.
The legislature has to write a 2-year, or biennial, budget since the Texas constitution has a _________ that it can only meet in _______ _______ once every 2 years.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Texas Constitution Impede Budgetary Process

The legislature is only allowed to meet for (140) days in regular session, seriously limiting the time they can spend analyzing or developing (Innovative) responses to pressing matters of public importance.
The legislature is only allowed to meet for ___ days in regular session, seriously limiting the time they can spend analyzing or developing __________ responses to pressing matters of public importance.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Texas Constitution Impede Budgetary Process

A large portion of the biennial budget is dedicated for special purposes by federal law or by the Texas Constitution or state statute. These (Dedicated Funds) include federal monies earmarked for financing health care for the poor ((Medicaid)), as well as state funds for highways, education, teachers' retirement, and numerous other purposes. These funds are to create a (Revenue Source) for priority programs.
A large portion of the biennial budget is dedicated for special purposes by federal law or by the Texas Constitution or state statute. These _________ _____ include federal monies earmarked for financing health care for the poor (________), as well as state funds for highways, education, teachers' retirement, and numerous other purposes. These funds are to create a _______ ______ for priority programs.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Texas Constitution Impede Budgetary Process

1. The Pay-As-You-Go Limit
2. The Welfare Spending Limit
3. The Limit on the Growth of Certain Appropriations
4. Limitation on Debt Payable from the General Revenue Fund
What are the 4 specific constitutional provisions that constrain the legislature's control of the budget?
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Texas Constitution Impede Budgetary Process

2. Appropriations (pg. 996)
The amounts of money approved by the state legislature in statutes that each unit or agency of government can spend.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Texas Constitution Impede Budgetary Process

13. Pay-as-you-go Limit (pg. 996)
A rule in the Texas Constitution that requires the state to balance its budget.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Texas Constitution Impede Budgetary Process

5. Debt Service (pg. 997)
The amount of a budget spent by a government on paying interest on its debt.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Source of Revenue and Expenditures

1. Sales and Use Tax
2. Oil Production and Regulation Taxes
3. Natural Gas Production Tax
4. Motor Fuels Tax
5. Motor Vehicle Sales and Rentals and Manufactured Home Sales Tax
6. Corporate Franchise Tax
7. Tobacco Taxes
8. Alcoholic Beverage Taxes
9. Insurance Occupation Taxes
10. Utility Taxes
11. Hotel and Motel Tax
12. Inheritance Tax
What are the main sources of state revenue (name 12)?
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
The Budget Crisis of 2004

The official estimate of the budget shortfall in 2004-2005 was ($9.9 Billion). Texas Governor Rick Perry insisted on no new (Taxes), and the Republican state (Legislature) believed (Medicaid) and spending for uninsured (Children) had gotten out of hand.
The official estimate of the budget shortfall in 2004-2005 was $_._ _______. Texas Governor Rick Perry insisted on no new _____, and the Republican state ___________ believed ________ and spending for uninsured ________ had gotten out of hand.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
The Budget Crisis of 2004

The budget issue was resolved through many tough measures: they (Deferred) payments from that biennium to the next; Texas took $1.3 billion from it's "rainy-day fund"; schoolteachers, counselors, and librarians had their (Health Insurance) cut in half (from $1,000 a year to $500); the Texas Department of Criminal Justice had its budget cut, resulting in a loss of (1,000) positions; $55 million was cut from higher education research funds; there was a major reorganization of state agencies (including health and human service agencies); and the elimination of 5 state (Agencies).
The budget issue was resolved through many tough measures: they ________ payments from that biennium to the next; Texas took $1.3 billion from it's "rainy-day fund"; schoolteachers, counselors, and librarians had their ______ _________ cut in half (from $1,000 a year to $500); the Texas Department of Criminal Justice had its budget cut, resulting in a loss of ____ positions; $55 million was cut from higher education research funds; there was a major reorganization of state agencies (including health and human service agencies); and the elimination of 5 state ________.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Education Policy

After Texas was part of the U.S. it was a while before we had funds dedicated solely to education, in (1876). Many problems faced education still, as public education remained mainly a local affair, problems included: short of funds (shortage of (Supplies and Textbooks)); inadequate (Facilities), and poorly trained teachers.
After Texas was part of the U.S. it was a while before we had funds dedicated solely to education, in ____. Many problems faced education still, as public education remained mainly a local affair, problems included: short of funds (shortage of ________ ___ _________); inadequate __________, and poorly trained teachers.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Education Policy

9. Gilmer-Aiken Laws (pg. 1011)
Education reform legislation passed in 1949 that supplemental local funding of education with state monies, raised teachers’ salaries, mandated a minimum length for the school year, and provided more state supervision of public education.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Education Policy

In 1949, the Gilmer-Aiken Laws, helped the education system by: consolidating school (Districts) into 2,900 administrative units; teacher salaries were raised; and a minimum (School Year) was established. They also established the Texas Education Agency to (Supervise) public education in the state.
In 1949, the Gilmer-Aiken Laws, helped the education system by: consolidating school _________ into 2,900 administrative units; teacher salaries were raised; and a minimum ______ ____ was established. They also established the Texas Education Agency to _________ public education in the state.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Education Policy

7. De Facto (pg. 1012)
Literally, “by fact”; practices that occur even when there is no legal enforcement, such as school segregation in much of the United States today.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Education Policy

8. Equal Protection Clause (pg. 1013)
Provision of the 14th amendment guaranteeing citizens “the equal protection of the laws.” This clause has been the basis for the civil rights of African Americans, women, and other groups.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Welfare Policy

Poverty is the condition under which individuals or families do not have the (Resources) to meet their basic needs, including: food; shelter; health care; (Transportation); and clothing.
Poverty is the condition under which individuals or families do not have the _________ to meet their basic needs, including: food; shelter; health care; ______________; and clothing.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Welfare Policy

12. New Deal (pg. 1020)
President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s 1930’s program to stimulate the national economy and provide relief to victims of the Great Depression.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Welfare Policy

1. Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) (pg. 1020)
A federally and state-financed program for children living with parents or relatives who fell below state standards of need. Replaced in 1996 by TANF.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Welfare Policy

11. Medicaid (pg. 1021)
A federally and state-financed, state-operated program providing medical services to low-income people.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Welfare Policy

16. Waiver (pg. 1023)
An exemption from a federal requirement.
Ch. 27 - Public Policy
Welfare Policy

15. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) (pg. 1024)
A federal block grant that replaced the AFDC program in 1996.
U.S. Declaration of Independence

This declaration is based on certain truths: All men are created equal and to have unalienable ((Certain)) rights, which the government should never take away. These rights include life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Governments exist to (Support) the rights of men, and exist only through the power of the (People) they represent.
This declaration is based on certain truths: All men are created equal and to have unalienable (_______) rights, which the government should never take away. These rights include life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Governments exist to _______ the rights of men, and exist only through the power of the ______ they represent.
U.S. Declaration of Independence

When a government fails to grant rights to the people and removes the (Involvement) of the people, they have the right to change their government in a way that will allow for their rights to be (Protected). Governments should not be overthrown for (Trivial) reasons; it isn't typical for people to change a system they are accustomed to. Yet, when the people have suffered many abuses under the control of a (Totalitarian) leader, they not only have the right but the duty to (Overthrow) that government.
When a government fails to grant rights to the people and removes the ___________ of the people, they have the right to change their government in a way that will allow for their rights to be _________. Governments should not be overthrown for _______ reasons; it isn't typical for people to change a system they are accustomed to. Yet, when the people have suffered many abuses under the control of a ____________ leader, they not only have the right but the duty to _________ that government.
U.S. Declaration of Independence

The colonies have suffered 27 abuses at the hands of King George III, who did so in order to establish a (Tyrannical) government in North America. The 1st 12 involve King George's establishment of tyranny over (Representative) government (the power of the people to make laws for the public (Good)).

(It should be noted that Jefferson wrote this declaration explaining the reasons they were rebelling from Great Britain, as he knew it might cause other countries to rebel against their governments, it was done rationally).
The colonies have suffered 27 abuses at the hands of King George III, who did so in order to establish a __________ government in North America. The 1st 12 involve King George's establishment of tyranny over ______________ government (the power of the people to make laws for the public ____).
U.S. Declaration of Independence

King George III interfered with representative government through: rejecting legislation proposed by the colonies; dissolving colonial bodies of (Representation); replacing colonial governments with his appointed (Ministers); interfering with the naturalization of citizens in new regions; interfering with the (Objective) judicial processes and the civil rights of the colonists; prevented the establishment of judicial powers and made judges (Dependent) on him for their jobs and salaries; by maintaining a strong military presence under his direct command during times of peace (making the military power superior to civil government); and forces the colonists to support the military presence through increased (Taxes).
King George III interfered with representative government through: rejecting legislation proposed by the colonies; dissolving colonial bodies of ______________; replacing colonial governments with his appointed _________; interfering with the naturalization of citizens in new regions; interfering with the _________ judicial processes and the civil rights of the colonists; prevented the establishment of judicial powers and made judges _________ on him for their jobs and salaries; by maintaining a strong military presence under his direct command during times of peace (making the military power superior to civil government); and forces the colonists to support the military presence through increased _____.
U.S. Declaration of Independence

The next abuses describe the involvement of parliament in destroying the colonists' right to (Self-Rule). The king has "combined with others" to subject the colonists to legislation passed without colonial input or (Consent). Legislation was passed to quarter troops in the colonies, shut off (Trade) with other parts of the world, levy taxes without the (Consent) of colonial legislatures, take away the right to (Trial by Jury), and force colonists to be tried in England. Additionally, legislation has established absolute rule in a nearby area, taking away the authority of colonial governments, and forbid further (Legislation) by colonial governments.
The next abuses describe the involvement of parliament in destroying the colonists' right to ____-____. The king has "combined with others" to subject the colonists to legislation passed without colonial input or _______. Legislation was passed to quarter troops in the colonies, shut off _____ with other parts of the world, levy taxes without the _______ of colonial legislatures, take away the right to _____ __ ____, and force colonists to be tried in England. Additionally, legislation has established absolute rule in a nearby area, taking away the authority of colonial governments, and forbid further ___________ by colonial governments.
U.S. Declaration of Independence

The last abuses refer to specific actions that the King of Great Britain took to (Abandon) the colonies and to wage war against them. The King has attempted to suppress the colonial rebellion through violence and (Military) means. He sent the British military to attack colonists, burn their towns, attack their ships at sea, and destroy the (Lives) of the people. He hired foreign (Mercenaries) to fight against the colonies. He kidnapped American sailors to force them into British military service, refused to protect the colonies from Native American attack, and has caused colonists to (Fight) against each other.

(This list of "abuses" doesn't name specifically Great Britain and the Parliament, yet through interpretation of these abuses it is evident of whom we were declaring independence from).
The last abuses refer to specific actions that the King of Great Britain took to _______ the colonies and to wage war against them. The King has attempted to suppress the colonial rebellion through violence and ________ means. He sent the British military to attack colonists, burn their towns, attack their ships at sea, and destroy the _____ of the people. He hired foreign ___________ to fight against the colonies. He kidnapped American sailors to force them into British military service, refused to protect the colonies from Native American attack, and has caused colonists to _____ against each other.
U.S. Declaration of Independence

Until this declaration, colonists have used non-violent means, such as (Petitions), to protest the abuses of King George III. Each attempt to request peaceful negotiations was met by (Neglect) and more abuse. Additionally, colonists tried to appeal to Parliament and other British citizens for help. These attempts were (Ignored). Colonists appealed to British citizens' sense of justice, to their shared heritage and (Culture), and to their economic connection. These attempts failed, and the colonies had no other choice but to declare separation. In doing so, the new separate nation will view British citizens as (Enemies) during wartime, and as (Friends) in peacetime.

(10 years of peaceful political and economic actions had failed to reach the King and Parliament, which left the colonists no choice but to seek separation through military means.)
Until this declaration, colonists have used non-violent means, such as _________, to protest the abuses of King George III. Each attempt to request peaceful negotiations was met by _______ and more abuse. Additionally, colonists tried to appeal to Parliament and other British citizens for help. These attempts were _______. Colonists appealed to British citizens' sense of justice, to their shared heritage and _______, and to their economic connection. These attempts failed, and the colonies had no other choice but to declare separation. In doing so, the new separate nation will view British citizens as _______ during wartime, and as _______ in peacetime.
U.S. Declaration of Independence

The Second Continental Congress represents the (People) of the United States of America. This declaration informs the world that the 13 united colonies are free from British rule and any (Political) connections with Great Britain. The declaration also serves to appeal to the people of the world to understand the reasons why this separation is (Justifiable). The independent states claim the power to levy war, make peace, make alliances with foreign nations, conduct trade, and to do anything else that independent states have the right to do. The newly independent states believe that God will protect them in their venture to establish a (Just) government. The citizens of each colony have pledged their loyalty and (Lives) to the cause of the newly independent nation.
The Second Continental Congress represents the ______ of the United States of America. This declaration informs the world that the 13 united colonies are free from British rule and any _________ connections with Great Britain. The declaration also serves to appeal to the people of the world to understand the reasons why this separation is ___________. The independent states claim the power to levy war, make peace, make alliances with foreign nations, conduct trade, and to do anything else that independent states have the right to do. The newly independent states believe that God will protect them in their venture to establish a ____ government. The citizens of each colony have pledged their loyalty and _____ to the cause of the newly independent nation.
Texas Declaration of Independence

The Texas Declaration of independence was produced (Overnight), in urgency, to the battle of the (Alamo), against Santa Anna. It declares that Texas is a free and independent republic from (Mexico). This document mimics that of the U.S., and was written mainly by George C. Childress.
The Texas Declaration of independence was produced _________, in urgency, to the battle of the _____, against Santa Anna. It declares that Texas is a free and independent republic from ______. This document mimics that of the U.S., and was written mainly by George C. Childress.
Texas Declaration of Independence

When a government has ceased to protect the lives, liberty and property of the people, from whom its legitimate (Powers) are derived, and for the advancement of whose (Happiness) it was instituted, and so far from being a guarantee for the enjoyment of those valuable and absolute rights, becomes an instrument in the hands of (Evil) rulers for their oppression.
When a government has ceased to protect the lives, liberty and property of the people, from whom its legitimate ______ are derived, and for the advancement of whose _________ it was instituted, and so far from being a guarantee for the enjoyment of those valuable and absolute rights, becomes an instrument in the hands of ____ rulers for their oppression.
Texas Declaration of Independence

When Mexico’s Federal Republican Constitution, which they have sworn to (Support), no longer has influential existence, and the entire nature of their government has been forcibly changed, without their (Consent), from a restricted federative republic, made up of sovereign “supreme” states, to a consolidated central military dictatorship, where all interests are disregarded except that of the (Army) and the priesthood, both of which are enemies of civil liberty, the ever-ready slaves of power, and are the usual instruments of oppression. When, long after the spirit of the constitution has (Departed), fairness is so far lost by those in power, that even the representation of freedom is (Eliminated), and the form of the constitution is ignored, where their petitions and protests are not regarded, the agents who uphold them are thrown into dungeons, and mercenary armies are sent to (Force) a new government on them at the point of the bayonet.
When Mexico’s Federal Republican Constitution, which they have sworn to _______, no longer has influential existence, and the entire nature of their government has been forcibly changed, without their _______, from a restricted federative republic, made up of sovereign “supreme” states, to a consolidated central military dictatorship, where all interests are disregarded except that of the ____ and the priesthood, both of which are enemies of civil liberty, the ever-ready slaves of power, and are the usual instruments of oppression. When, long after the spirit of the constitution has ________, fairness is so far lost by those in power, that even the representation of freedom is __________, and the form of the constitution is ignored, where their petitions and protests are not regarded, the agents who uphold them are thrown into dungeons, and mercenary armies are sent to _____ a new government on them at the point of the bayonet.
Texas Declaration of Independence

The consequence of such acts of injustice and resignation on the part of the government, (Anarchy) prevails, and civilized society is dissolved into its original elements. In such a crisis, the 1st law of nature, the right of (Self-Preservation), the fundamental and absolute rights of the people to appeal to principles first, and take their political affairs into their own hands in extreme cases, command it as a right towards themselves, and a protected (Obligation) to their successors, to abolish such a government, and to create another in its place, calculated to rescue them from impending dangers, and to secure their (Future) welfare and happiness.
The consequence of such acts of injustice and resignation on the part of the government, _______ prevails, and civilized society is dissolved into its original elements. In such a crisis, the 1st law of nature, the right of ____-____________, the fundamental and absolute rights of the people to appeal to principles first, and take their political affairs into their own hands in extreme cases, command it as a right towards themselves, and a protected __________ to their successors, to abolish such a government, and to create another in its place, calculated to rescue them from impending dangers, and to secure their ______ welfare and happiness.
Texas Declaration of Independence

Nations, as well as (Individuals), are responsible for their actions as to how public opinion views mankind. A statement of a part of our grievances is now submitted to an objective world, in (Justification) of the hazardous but unavoidable steps now being taken, of severing our political connection with the Mexican people, and assuming an (Independent) position among the nations of the earth.
Nations, as well as ___________, are responsible for their actions as to how public opinion views mankind. A statement of a part of our grievances is now submitted to an objective world, in _____________ of the hazardous but unavoidable steps now being taken, of severing our political connection with the Mexican people, and assuming an __________ position among the nations of the earth.
Texas Declaration of Independence

The Mexican government, by its settlement laws, invited and encouraged the Anglo-American (Population) of Texas to colonize its wilderness under the guaranteed faith of a written (Constitution), that they should continue to enjoy that constitutional liberty and republican government to which they had been accustomed in the land of their (Birth), the United States of America.
The Mexican government, by its settlement laws, invited and encouraged the Anglo-American __________ of Texas to colonize its wilderness under the guaranteed faith of a written ____________, that they should continue to enjoy that constitutional liberty and republican government to which they had been accustomed in the land of their _____, the United States of America.
Texas Declaration of Independence

In this expectation they have been cruelly (Disappointed), as the Mexican nation has yielded in the late changes made in the government by General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, who overthrew the constitution of his (Country), now offers us the cruel alternative, either to abandon our (Homes), acquired by so much difficulty, or submit to the most intolerable of all dictatorship, the (Combined) oppression of the sword and the priesthood.
In this expectation they have been cruelly _____________, as the Mexican nation has yielded in the late changes made in the government by General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, who overthrew the constitution of his _______, now offers us the cruel alternative, either to abandon our _____, acquired by so much difficulty, or submit to the most intolerable of all dictatorship, the ________ oppression of the sword and the priesthood.
Texas Declaration of Independence

Mexico sacrificed our (Welfare) to the state of Coahuila, yet we have been ignored through a jealous and biased (Legislation), which was ruled on from a distant government, of hostile people, in an unknown language, even though we humbly petitioned the Mexican government, they will not allow us to have a (Separate) state government, although we obeyed the guidelines of the national constitution, we presented to the Congress a republican constitution which was without good reason, arrogantly (Rejected).
Mexico sacrificed our _______ to the state of Coahuila, yet we have been ignored through a jealous and biased ___________, which was ruled on from a distant government, of hostile people, in an unknown language, even though we humbly petitioned the Mexican government, they will not allow us to have a ________ state government, although we obeyed the guidelines of the national constitution, we presented to the Congress a republican constitution which was without good reason, arrogantly ________.
Texas Declaration of Independence

The Mexican government has imprisoned one of our (Citizens) just because the person tried to get the Mexican government to let us establish our own state government. They have (Refused) us our right to a fair trial by jury, which ensures our civil liberties, and is our only guarantee for the life, liberty, and property of our citizens. The Mexican government has failed to (Establish) a public school system, although it has possession of endless resources (through their public domain,) it is fundamental in politics, that people are educated and knowledgeable, if not, then it is futile to expect the continuance of civil (Liberty), or the capacity for (Self) government.
The Mexican government has imprisoned one of our ________ just because the person tried to get the Mexican government to let us establish our own state government. They have _______ us our right to a fair trial by jury, which ensures our civil liberties, and is our only guarantee for the life, liberty, and property of our citizens. The Mexican government has failed to _________ a public school system, although it has possession of endless resources (through their public domain,) it is fundamental in politics, that people are educated and knowledgeable, if not, then it is futile to expect the continuance of civil _______, or the capacity for ____ government.
Texas Declaration of Independence

We have suffered through their military soldiers, who are stationed (Among) us, in order to keep us oppressed, and by doing so, trample upon our (Rights) as citizens, rendering their military superior to our civil power. The Mexican government abolished, through force, our Congress of Coahuila and Texas, and forced our congressmen to run for their lives from their seat of (Government); therefore we are not represented in any government. A number of our citizens were (Seized) by their military and taken into Mexico for trial, completely ignoring our citizen’s civil liberty, which (Defies) the laws of our constitution.
We have suffered through their military soldiers, who are stationed _____ us, in order to keep us oppressed, and by doing so, trample upon our ______ as citizens, rendering their military superior to our civil power. The Mexican government abolished, through force, our Congress of Coahuila and Texas, and forced our congressmen to run for their lives from their seat of __________; therefore we are not represented in any government. A number of our citizens were ______ by their military and taken into Mexico for trial, completely ignoring our citizen’s civil liberty, which ______ the laws of our constitution.
Texas Declaration of Independence

The Mexican government has committed piratical attacks on our (Economy), through assigning foreign desperadoes, who have stolen our ships and taken the goods of our citizens to distant ports and confiscated them. The Mexican government (Denies) us the right of worshiping God in accordance to the beliefs of our conscience, through their support of a national religion, which is created to condone the worldly (Interests) of their leaders and politicians, instead of the glory of the true and living God. The Mexican government has demanded that we give up our guns and weapons, which are essential to our defense, and is the rightful (Property) of freemen, which is only threatening to oppressive governments.
The Mexican government has committed piratical attacks on our _______, through assigning foreign desperadoes, who have stolen our ships and taken the goods of our citizens to distant ports and confiscated them. The Mexican government ______ us the right of worshiping God in accordance to the beliefs of our conscience, through their support of a national religion, which is created to condone the worldly _________ of their leaders and politicians, instead of the glory of the true and living God. The Mexican government has demanded that we give up our guns and weapons, which are essential to our defense, and is the rightful ________ of freemen, which is only threatening to oppressive governments.
Texas Declaration of Independence

The Mexican army has invaded us by both sea and land, with the intention of devastating our (Lands), drive us from our homes; and now has a large mercenary army (Advancing), in order to wage a war to exterminate us. The Mexican government has sent agents to the merciless Indians, with their tomahawks and scalping knives, in order to massacre the (Inhabitants) of our defenseless frontiers. The Mexican government, for as long as we have been connected with it, been the degenerate sport and victim of successive military revolutions, and has continuously shown every (Characteristic) of a weak, corrupt, and oppressive government.
The Mexican army has invaded us by both sea and land, with the intention of devastating our _____, drive us from our homes; and now has a large mercenary army _________, in order to wage a war to exterminate us. The Mexican government has sent agents to the merciless Indians, with their tomahawks and scalping knives, in order to massacre the ___________ of our defenseless frontiers. The Mexican government, for as long as we have been connected with it, been the degenerate sport and victim of successive military revolutions, and has continuously shown every ______________ of a weak, corrupt, and oppressive government.
Texas Declaration of Independence

These 13, and other, grievances, have been patiently endured by the people of Texas, until they reached the point where resisting can no longer be tolerated. We then took up arms in (Defense) of our national constitution. We have appealed to our Mexican neighbors for assistance, yet our appeal has been made in (Vain). We have waited months, but no sympathetic response has been heard of from Mexico. We are, therefore, forced to the dismal conclusion, that the Mexican people have submitted to the (Destruction) of their liberty, and the substitution of a military government; that they are unfit to be free, and (Incapable) of self-government.
These 13, and other, grievances, have been patiently endured by the people of Texas, until they reached the point where resisting can no longer be tolerated. We then took up arms in _______ of our national constitution. We have appealed to our Mexican neighbors for assistance, yet our appeal has been made in ____. We have waited months, but no sympathetic response has been heard of from Mexico. We are, therefore, forced to the dismal conclusion, that the Mexican people have submitted to the ___________ of their liberty, and the substitution of a military government; that they are unfit to be free, and _________ of self-government.
Texas Declaration of Independence

The (Necessity) of self-preservation, therefore, now decrees our eternal political separation. We, therefore, the delegates with absolute powers of the people of Texas, in deliberate convention (Assembled), appealing to a candid world for the necessities of our condition, do hereby resolve and declare, that our political connection with the Mexican nation has forever ended, and that the people of Texas do now constitute a free, Sovereign, and independent republic, and are fully invested with all the rights and attributes which (Properly) belong to independent nations; and, conscious of the decency of our intentions, we fearlessly and confidently commit the issue to the (Decision) of the Supreme judge of the destinies of nations.
The _________ of self-preservation, therefore, now decrees our eternal political separation. We, therefore, the delegates with absolute powers of the people of Texas, in deliberate convention _________, appealing to a candid world for the necessities of our condition, do hereby resolve and declare, that our political connection with the Mexican nation has forever ended, and that the people of Texas do now constitute a free, Sovereign, and independent republic, and are fully invested with all the rights and attributes which ________ belong to independent nations; and, conscious of the decency of our intentions, we fearlessly and confidently commit the issue to the ________ of the Supreme judge of the destinies of nations.