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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Our awareness of ourselves and our environments.
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1. Consciousness (pg. 193)
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The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
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2. Selective Attention (pg. 193)
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Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
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3. Inattentional Blindness (pg. 194)
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The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.
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4. Circadian Rhythm (pg. 196)
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Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
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5. REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep (pg. 197)
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The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.
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6. Alpha Waves (pg. 198)
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Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness – as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.
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7. Sleep (pg. 198)
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False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
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8. Hallucinations (pg. 198)
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The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
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9. Delta Waves (pg. 198)
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Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
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10. Insomnia (pg. 204)
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A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at in-opportune times.
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11. Narcolepsy (pg. 205)
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A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
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12. Sleep Apnea (pg. 205)
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A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.
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13. Night Terrors (pg. 205)
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A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.
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14. Dream (pg. 206)
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According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent or hidden, content).
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15. Manifest Content (pg. 206)
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According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).
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16. Latent Content (pg. 207)
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The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).
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17. REM Rebound (pg. 208)
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A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood.
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1. Psychoactive Drug (pg. 216)
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The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.
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2. Tolerance (pg. 216)
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The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.
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3. Withdrawal (pg. 216)
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A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.
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4. Physical Dependence (pg. 216)
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Compulsive drug craving and use.
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5. Addiction (pg. 217)
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Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
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6. Depressants (pg. 218)
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Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.
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7. Barbiturates (pg. 219)
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Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
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8. Opiates (pg. 219)
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Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, methamphetamine, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
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9. Stimulants (pg. 220)
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Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.
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10. Amphetamines (pg. 220)
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A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.
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11. Methamphetamine (pg. 220)
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A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.
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12. Ecstasy (MDMA) (pg. 223)
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Psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
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13. Hallucinogens (pg. 223)
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A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethyl-amide).
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14. LSD (pg. 223)
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An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.
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15. Near-Death Experience (pg. 223)
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The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
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16. THC (pg. 224)
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Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
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1. Associative Learning (pg. 235)
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A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.
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2. Classical Conditioning (pg. 235)
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A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
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3. Learning (pg. 235)
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The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science; (2) that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
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4. Behaviorism (pg. 235)
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In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
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5. Unconditioned Response (UR) (pg. 236)
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In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response.
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6. Unconditioned Stimulus (US) (pg. 236)
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In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
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7. Conditioned Response (CR) (pg. 236)
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In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
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8. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) (pg. 236)
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The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response.
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9. Acquisition (pg. 237)
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The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS).
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10. Extinction (pg. 238)
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In classical conditioning, the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
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11. Spontaneous Recovery (pg. 238)
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In classical conditioning, the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
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12. Generalization (pg. 239)
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Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.
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13. Discrimination (pg. 239)
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Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
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1. Associative Learning (pg. 246)
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A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.
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2. Classical Conditioning (pg. 235)
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A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
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3. Learning (pg. 235)
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The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science; (2) that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
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4. Behaviorism (pg. 235)
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In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
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5. Unconditioned Response (UR) (pg. 236)
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In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response.
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6. Unconditioned Stimulus (US) (pg. 236)
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In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
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7. Conditioned Response (CR) (pg. 236)
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In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
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8. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) (pg. 236)
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The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response.
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9. Acquisition (pg. 237)
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The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS).
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10. Extinction (pg. 238)
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In classical conditioning, the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
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11. Spontaneous Recovery (pg. 238)
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In classical conditioning, the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
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12. Generalization (pg. 239)
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Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.
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13. Discrimination (pg. 239)
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Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
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1. Associative Learning (pg. 246)
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Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
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2. Respondent Behavior (pg. 246)
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A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
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3. Operant Conditioning (pg. 246)
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Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
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4. Operant Behavior (pg. 246)
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A chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research.
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5. Operant Chamber (pg. 247)
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A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
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6. Learning (pg. 247)
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An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
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7. Shaping (pg. 247)
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In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
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8. Reinforcer (pg. 248)
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Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
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9. Positive Reinforcement (pg. 249)
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Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: this is NOT a punishment)
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10. Negative Reinforcement (pg. 249)
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An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
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11. Primary Reinforcer (pg. 249)
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A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also knows as secondary reinforcer.
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12. Conditioned Reinforcer (pg. 249)
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Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
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13. Continuous Reinforcement (pg. 250)
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Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.
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14. Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement (pg. 250)
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In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
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15. Fixed-Ratio Schedule (pg. 250)
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In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
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16. Variable-Ratio Schedule (pg. 251)
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In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
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17. Fixed-Interval Schedule (pg. 251)
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In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
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18. Variable-Interval Schedule (pg. 251)
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An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
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19. Punishment (pg. 251)
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A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
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20. Cognitive Map (pg. 253)
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Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
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21. Latent Learning (pg. 253)
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A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.
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22. Intrinsic Motivation (pg. 253)
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A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
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23. Extrinsic Motivation (pg. 253)
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A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
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1. Learning (pg. 261)
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Learning by observing others.
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2. Observational Learning (pg. 261)
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The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
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3. Modeling (pg. 261)
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Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy.
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4. Mirror Neurons (pg. 261)
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Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.
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5. Prosocial Behavior (pg. 263)
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