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72 Cards in this Set

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 More intense version of hard rock
 Lyrical themes of evil, death, darkness, etc.
 Influences from classical music and virtuoso lead guitarists, the blues
 Extreme volume, distortion, and power chords
 Coined named from beat writer William Burroughs and 1st used in song “Born to Be Wild”
 Heavy metal
 Born in grimy industrial cities of England (Birmingham, Aston)
 Most innovative new songs using distortion and power chords
 Heavy Metal in Britain
 Heavy metal darker lyrical theme with satanic references
 Heavy metal artists have more menacing look, almost theatrical performances
 Heavy metal more extreme in every way
 Differences b/t Hard Rock and Heavy Metal
 Philosophy of incorporating elements of European classical music, American Jazz, avante-garde into rock
 Keyboards and synthesizers
 Classical music influences
 Came from England’s upper class
 Art rock (progressive rock)
 Wide variety of styles held together by flamboyant fashions and assaults on sexual conventions
 Theatrical presentations: lighting, props, makeup, costuming
 Shock value; glitzy, campy, outrageous
 Glam rock
characteristic of, and why they were influential
 1st band to clearly define conventions of early heavy metal
 Occult fixation, low sonorities, distortion, high volume
 One of 1st bands to use lower tuning on guitars-gave power chords more depth and intensity
 Live shows contained burning crosses and other devil worships
Black Sabbath
: background of Jimmy Page as studio musician and member of the Yardbirds, how the band was formed, etc
o Evolved as replacement group for Yardbirds tour called “New Yardbirds” originally
Led zep early years
o Music covered much wider range of styles
o Deep blues roots
 Characteristics of and why they are not the prototypical metal band led zep
o Redefined nature of touring by choosing to play only in large cities
o Handled all aspects of promotion for 90% cut of the gate
o Offstage behavior=hotel room trashing, sexual escapades w/ groupies
o Us-against world attitude b/c bad relations w/ press
Business innovations, off stage behavior, and relations with critics led zep
o Unnamed album
o Band’s biggest selling album
o Complete lack of identifying marks on cover
o Inner sleeve had symbols that each band member chose
o Had occult reference on cover
 Led Zeppelin IV (Zoso)
o Contained “Stairway to Heaven”-one of most played songs in radio history
zoso
 One of 1st bands to fuse influences w/ classical music with staples from other genres: the blues, distortion and high volume
 Made poorly selling concept album “Concerto for Group and Orchestra”
 After that group turned attention to Blackmore’s guitar –oriented music
 Played “Smoke on the Water”
o Most memorable riffs in rock history
o Burning of Montreux Casino during Zappa’s concert
Deep Purple: their general career path and morphing from hard rock to metal
 Rock’s prince of darkness=Vincent Furnier
 Wore ghoulish mascara, odd clothes, see through pants
 Theatrics as way to distract audience from lack of musicianship
 Stage performance included sledgehammers, electric chairs, etc.
Alice Cooper: why they are influential
 The changing sound of the band from the Syd Barrett years to the Roger Waters years
o Syd Barret years: formed band, started as R&B cover band
 Used electronic effects, free-form instrumental breaks, feedback, and psychedelic light shows
o Roger Waters- darker, grander, and more experimental unit
Pink Floyd:(art rock)
o Artifact of art rock movement
o State-of the art concept album
o Innovative stereo effects, taped sounds, spoken voices, synthesizers, dreamy, conceptual pop-oriented songs
o Themes of insecurity of modern life and isolation
o Broke into American scene
 Characteristics of The Dark Side of the Moon
• Robert Fripp-brainchild of guitar experimentalist
o Sat passively on stool during performances
King Crimson:
o one of rock’s most far-reaching musical ventures
o incorporates influences from every corner of musical universe
o explosive live performances
o Influence by the beatles
• characteristics of their sound and influences king crimson
o Symphonic effort that mapped out future direction of art rock
o Diverse elements
• In the Court of the Crimson King-epic
• One of most well respected art rock bands
• Superior musicianship, high 3-part vocal harmonies, intricate and complex compositions
Yes
: power trio of keyboards, bass, drums led by Keith Emerson
Emerson Lake and Palmer
• Most influential glam performer
• Went through many stages:mod vein, Buddhist monastery, singer/songwriter
• One of few glam rockers to have success in US
• Crooning vocal style through clenched jaw
• Was gay-developed alter ego bisexual alien rock star: Ziggy Stardust
David Bowie:(Glam Rock
• Introduced new persona- dyed hair orange, wore women’s clothing
The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars
early synthesizer capable of reproducing sounds of violins, cellos, and flutes
Mellotron
Moog-1st commercially available portable synthesizer developed by Dr. Robert Moog
mini
“A Whiter Shade of Pale”- London based art rock group released “A Whiter Shade” weeks before Sgt. Pepper whose main feature was an organ solo co-opted from Baroque composer J.S. Bach
 Procol Harum
: where glam art was centered in America in New York, only had cult following, not as big as a success as in London
 Mercer Art Center, New York Dolls:
most commercially successful, originally Reginald Kenneth Dwight, songwriting team (most successful since John Lennon and Paul McCartney)
 Elton John, Bernie Taupin
 More produced and polished sound
 Like highly produced Motown sound
 Lush string/horn arrangements and smooth vocal harmonies
 How black pop stars found success in media that didn’t want confrontation
 Center of development=Philadelphia (was home to 3 of its important producers)
• Called Philadelphia Sound
• Danceable with touchy romantic ballads also
• Influential to disco and romantic soul styles
Soft Soul or Romantic Soul(the Philadelphia Sound):
 Formed by architects of Philadephia Sound songwriting/producing team: Kenny Gamble, Leon Huff, Thom Bell
 Gamble and Huff were songwriting team
 Thom Bell was independent producer
 other artists associated with this style on page 236
• SPINNERS “Then Came You”
• MSFB – the inhouse band
• Barry White
 Philadelphia International Records
o Most important element: rhythmic groove
o Minimalism: simple 2-4 bar repeating phases to create trancelike effect
o Rawest/earthiest form of black pop
o Vocals have shrieks, screams, grunts
o Combined R&B and soul
o Loosely structured with extended jams
o Little crossover appeal
o Influential to jazz/rock fusion, hip-hop, rap, etc.
Funk
o known as “Godfather of funk”
o “Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine” known as single defining recording of the style
 influence of James Brown
o One of most eccentric and colorful musicians of all time
o Described as a James Brown on acid or a black Frank Zappa
o Lead a loose aggregation of musicians (Parliament & Funkadelic)
 Parliament-more commercial-oriented ensemble of 2 bands
 Funkadelic-more psychedelic/experimental of 2 bands
o Produced some of most adventurous recordings of ‘60’s and 70’s
o characteristics of music and stage shows
 elaborate costumes, jumping out of a coffin, smoking pot, simulating sex acts
 George Clinton: funk pioneer
characteristics of (musical and personnel)
 More popular than George Clinton
 Multi-gender/ethnic band was well received locally and appealed to all audiences
 Irresistible sing-along hooks
 Lyrics sometimes contained harsh social commentary
o innovations of Larry Graham
 bass player developed “slap” technique
• became staple of all subsequent funk
 Sly and the Family Stone:
 Other funk bands: Earth, Wind and Fire, Stevie Wonder, the Isley Brothers
farts
o Movies made by black directors and actors that had inner-city themes of drug deals and ghetto shootings
o Shaft; Superfly; Isaac Hayes and Curtis Mayfield
o Isaac Hayes: achived pop success scoring music for blaxploitation movies
 1st black composer to win academy award for Best Score for Shaft Soundtrack
o Mayfield had the same success in Superfly
 Blaxploitation films
• Rock stars first to cross over
Jazz/Rock Fusion:
o Jazz harmonies
o Blood Sweat and Tears 1st band to break through to pop success
 Horn rock bands and their characteristics:
o 1st rock bands to fuse jazz into music
o Didn’t have jazz swing rhythms but had large horn sections
o Chicago was the pop powerhouse of the horn rock bands
o Electric flag was founded by Al Kooper (Dylan)
 Electric Flag, Chicago (pop powerhouse), BS & T, Tower of Power (funkiest of horn bands)
o why he is so important and influential
 1st jazz musician to experiment w/ rock influences
 Made jazz players realize incorporating rock can produce new creative outlet
o Bitches Brew (Album recorded in NYC)
 Created new genre known as jazz/rock fusion
Miles Davis
o 1st jazz style in which horn players/singers were not lead instruments – (rock rhythm, instruments, and performance techniques)
o Jazz style that incorporates rhythms, instruments, and simpler harmonies of rock while maintaining essential element of jazz—the improvised solo
o Synthesizers and guitarists now main role
o Mahavishnu Orchestra(one of most intense), Weather Report “Heavy Weather", Herbie Hancock, “Return to Forever” (Chick Corea)
 Jazz/Rock Fusion bands and their characteristics:
o Indigenous Jamaican music from combo of folk (mento), R&B, and traditional Afro-Caribbean music
o Associated with Rastafarian movement (religious movement, wearing dreads, smoking ganjga)
o Intertwined patterns played by the bass, drums, and guitar known as “riddim”
o Lyrics refer to social injustices, political dissent
Reggae
o Believed repatriated to their African homeland and escape Babylon
o Intermingled with popular music of Jamaica to provide basis of reggae
 Rastafari cultural connection
o Mento-indigenous folk music of Jamaica (ancestor of Reggae)
o Ska- copying R&B, more danceable, walking bass and strong sharp offbeat accents played on the guitar
o Rock steady- temps got too hot (summer 1966) so they had to slow music down, slower/looser (ska was too hard to dance too)
 Appealed to rude boys (urban hooligans)
 Caused lyrics to have themes of social/political protest
 Historical lineage: mento, ska, rock steady, summer of 1966, rude boys
o “safe houses” where lower class could gather and listen/dance to music
o DJs operated portable sound systems
 Toasting-when djs put in spontaneous commentary (rhyming, verbal sounds, etc.)
 Dub-djs mix interesting sections of different songs together
 Played important role in rap music
 Dancehall culture: dub, toasting, etc
o Heir to British fortune founded Island Records
o Signed Bob Marley
 Chris Blackwell; Island Records
o Most famous reggae musician
o Formed Teenagers, later renamed the Wailing Rude boys to just the Wailers
o Early years endured financial hardship
o Signed with producer Lee Perry who added more band members
o Brought in I-Threes for international tour
o Burnin’
 “I Shot the Sheriff”- relates a misunderstanding and violent altercation with law enforcement
 “Get Up, Stand Up”-Rastafarian movement
 Both songs have to deal with desperate lives of Jamaican underclass
Bob marley
o biggest pop music trend in history (1976-1979)
o lush string/horn orchestrations from Motown
o funk of James Brown and Sly Stone
o Philadelphia International Records
o Percolating percussion from Latin music
o Vocal chants/saxophone from R&B
o Started by blacks, Hispanics, and gays
o Originated in European and East Coast dance clubs (discotheques) that had DJs
Disco
o most important feature-rhythm and relentless pounding emphasis on every beat
o reconnected rock to dance
o Djs were the producers and dancers the stars
Disco
o backlash from mainstream rock culture
o “Disco Demolition Night” at baseball game where DJ blew of crate of disco records
o Music’s overwhelming popularity
o Known as gay music/ or not real music
Disco
o Donna Summer=Queen of Disco
 “Love to love you Baby”-repeated title over repeatedly in orgasmic way
 Moroder was the producer who created a symphony of synthesized sounds over a drum machine beat
 Donna Summer, Giorgio Moroder
o Bee Gees wrote soundtrack for Saturday Night Fever
 Bee Gees, Saturday Night Fever
o Backlash reaction against nearly everything that rock had brought to the decade (conservative way of folk & singer/songwriters, pretentiousness of art rock and heavy metal, studio production of funk)
o Rock became safe rather than dangerous and lost rebellious attitude
Punk
o Rejected all and any conventional norms of society
o Mantra: shock, disrespect, disrupt, offend, and destroy
o Raw, angry, nihilistic: do it yourself attitude
o Had counter culture
o Rejected fashion trends BUT have own sense of fashion (torn jeans, spiked hair)
o Major labels started signing them
o Inspired more journalistic efforts than any other subject in rock
o Lifetime roughly parallels/polar opposite of Disco
o Disco=smooth and sensual, produced in studio punk= jagged, white music, anyone can do it, pogo dancing (moshing)
 The characteristics of punk culture, the contradictions and the comparisons to disco
(semi-professional band typically practicing in garages with intent of having fun and playing at an occasional dance
o MC5(Motor City Five)
 Opening track of song was evangelical call for revolution (Kick out the Jams)
o Iggy Pop and the Stooges
 Known as “Godfather of Punk”
 Iggy rub raw meat on himself, cut himself with broken bottles
 Raw power and primal qualities of Stooges was unprecedented
 Garage bands: (semi-professional band typically practicing in garages with intent of having fun and playing at an occasional dance
o 1st important NY band to adopt the lyric themes of despair, drug addiction, and violence that would later be commonly associated with punk
o Formed by Lou Reed (vocals/guitar) poet involved in classical music
o Andy Warhol became manager put them in traveling mixed media show the Exploding Plastic Inevitable had Nico join
 Made famous album cover with peel-off suggestive banana
o Nico- pretty girl that became vocalist
o Most influential of pre-punk bands
 Velvet Underground: Lou Reed, Nico, the Andy Warhol connection, The Velvet Underground and Nico
o CBGB’s- grimy bar that booked underground rock bands
 Became center of New York punk scene
o Max’s Kansas City-only other major club supporting punk at time
 CBGB’s, Max’s Kansas City
o Connected to city’s conceptualist art scene (New York School)
 Art that had an abstract “I did it my way” style
 Excuse for lack of musicianship
o New York Dolls played at Mercer Arts Center
 The connection between New York punk and the art scene
 One of first groups to play at CBGBs
 Hell was influential to punk fashion bc 1st to wear ripped clothes and messy hairstyle and writer of 1st punk anthem “Blank Generation”
Television
 Painter,poet,rock journalist that began experimenting adding guitar and piano to her poems
 Recorded Horses (one of the few punk album of era that actually charted)
 Wore white button down shirt and men’s tie (Avril Lavigne)
Patti Smith
o Considered by many to be the 1st true punk band
o Played simple, fast-paced music, breakneck tempos, short songs, raw energetic and fun
o Music was intense and unrelenting
o Shows rarely lasted over 20 minutes but have been called most powerful in rock history
o Helped ignite Britsh punk movement
o Only played own material b/c couldn’t learn how to play other peoples music
o Lyrics-biting sarcasm, mindless humor
The Ramones
o Talking heads were all accomplished musicians and went to college
o Music was different b/c of R&B rhythm and minimalism of contemporary NY composers
o Looked like nerdy college kids, wore slacks and sweaters
 Later pop oriented bands: Blondie, Talking Heads
o Driven by country’s poor economy
o General mood of cynicism, despair, and boredom
o From grievances, punk emerged as legitimate social protest
o Resentment towards record industry (album sales declined)
o Dissatisfaction with continued promotion of aging British Invasion stars (boring old farts)
The London Scene
o Little known bands free to experiment w/ music being ignored by record industry in an intimate club environment
o Had live performances (more exciting and energetic than established recording bands)
o Many R&B covers but original material too
o Back-to-basics stripped down guitar oriented music
The Sex Pistols:
 Characteristics of the pub rock scene (you don’t have to know the names of specific clubs or bands)
 General career path, including the circumstances surrounding their formation, the Silver Jubilee incident and their ill fated tour of the US; why they were the most notorious punk band
o Crude amateurish, depraved, offensive, nihilistic, etc
o Formation…
 Brainchild of London clothier Malcolm McLaren
 Band made up of hard, scummy people
o Career path
 Today program scandal where Rotten swore
 Many changes in members/labels
 “God Save the Queen”-attack on monarchy-release was at same time as queen’s Silver Jubilee
 14 day US tour
• Rotten quit
• Sid Vicious stabbed girlfriend, died of heroin overdose
The Sex Pistols
Sex- London clothier, managed Sex Pistols had store that he renamed Sex
 Malcolm McLaren
Sid Vicious- Johnny Rotten Sex Pistols main singer, never sang before, used to be janitor, had rotting teeth
o Sid Vicious-bassist
 Johnny Rotten
o Only LP, released by Warner
 Never Mind the Bollocks, Here’s the Sex Pistols
• Most political of English punk bands
• Broad base of musical styles/recordings
• Influenced by black American music set them apart
• Album "London Calling” opened them up to America
The Clash; their characteristics, London Calling
(2nd “new wave” of artists that took elements of punk and fused with more pop oriented sensibility and included other stylistic strains)
New Wave
Reggatta de Blanc
o Lost favor with punk community b/c they did a gum commercial
The Police
• Darker, angrier, even louder evolution of punk based in LA
• Had own fashion: tattoos, buzz cut hair, Army boots and slam dancing (moshing)
• Rejection of LA’s laid-back music scene
• Jello Biafra and the Dead Kennedys-most political hardcore band
o Attacked fascism, US imperialism, poverty, Jerry Brown, Ronald Reagan
o Started own record company Alternative Tentacles
o Biafra ran for mayor in San Francisco saying businessmen must wear clown suits to work
Hardcore
• Statement against alienation and hopelessness of modern industrial life
• Fusing of punk nihilist attitude, aggression of metal, abrasive usage of synthesizers and avant garde electronics
• Nine Inch Nails- one man band of writer/arranger/producer/performer named Trent Reznor
Industrial