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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
understanding jazz
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performer more important than composer, not written out, more than one way to play
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most important element of jazz
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improvisation (spontaneous compostition)
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melody
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main tune theme that stands out
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frontline
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front band usually horns plays the melody
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backline
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behind front line rhythm sections, drums piano bass responsible for timing, harmony and comping
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African Americans in 19th century
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served as a social function, included dance steady pulse, call and response, snycapation (off beat notes) more percussion, and polyrhythms (more than more rhythm)
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congo square
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town center, african american used it as a meeting place for slaves on Sundays played music
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blue notes
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bent and slightly out of tune
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syncopation
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off beat
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European American in 19th century
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three basic elements instrumentation (all but the banjo) song form, and harmony
-all written out -classicaly trained |
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minstrelsy
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1st form of entertainment in US whites would wear black faces, derogatory to blacks, blacks later made a living this way performances, Jame Bland
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Ragtime
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rag means rough or ragged very snycopated (off beat) left hand parts Joesph Lamb, James scott, and Scott Joplin
-Maple Leaf Rag 16 bar |
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Jazz in Europe
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WWII helped intro jazz, Germany it was popular until Nazi took over and deemed it degenerate music, paris was most receptive of Europe cities
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Swing Era (1930s)
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Ellingtons 'it don't mean a thing if it aint got that swing' more access to jazz through radio, movies, and live performances difference between races were lessened Benny Goodman King of Swing declined in popularity in the 40s
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Big Bands in Swing Era
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four sections (1) trumpets (2) bones (3) saxs (4) rhythms completely written out call and respond electric guitar introduced
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Kansas City and territory bands
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centered in regional capital, common in midwest/southwest looser composition riff, less emphasis on arranger not good at reading
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riff
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replaced melody figure one or two bars long shorter than melody ususually rhythmic and simple
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Blue Devils
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led by bassist Walter Page
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William Basie
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swing machine 'jumpin at the wood'
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Benny Goodman
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grew up in Chicago son of jewish immigrant 1st big gig was Ben Polluck bands moved to NY did weekly radio shows 'lets dance' sextet used Africans and played at Carnegie Hall with a mixed race band 'sing sing sing'
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sextet
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band within a band
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The blues
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AAB lyric pattern, two basic early styles
-Urban Blues sung by women with a piano -Country Blues solo style played with bottle neck slide and guitar |
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early jazz
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shift from ragtime to jazz called either Dixieland or New Orleands Jazz
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New Orleans jazz
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many styles frontline-clarinet cornet, trombone backline-drums, tuba, sax, piano, banjo
-collective improv, stop times, quick tempos |
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major innovations of new orleans jazz
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Buddy Bolen original Dixieland jazz band all white led by Nick LaRocca "livery Stable Blues" Jelly Roll Morton and Red Hot Peppers
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Chicago Jazz
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frontline-trumpet replaces cornet clarinet some sax, trombone backline- upright bass piano drums guitar replaces banjo
-collective improv stop time, soloist more written parts |
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Jelly Roll Morton
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Creole pianist composer singer hustler traveled all over started in New Orleans storyville, claimed to invent jazz created first ever mixed race band Red Hot Peppers
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Louis Armstrong
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high range, big brassy sounds, simple harmony exciting solos 1st with swing feel 1st to scat sing started with Joe King Olivers band
West End Blues |
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Leon Bix Beiderback
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davenport more mid range less brassy more sophisticated harmony doesn't swing hard less vibrato classically influenced 1st band Wolverines
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song pluggers
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play/sing latest songs of publishing house many famous musicians started as pluggers sound would fill cacophony banging cans
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Harlem Renaissance
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Central location for black artist/writers Henderson and Ellington both part of the movement
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Harlem Stride Piano
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around WWII left hand strides up/down piano bass notes 1&3 and chords 2&4 difference from rag
-not concerned with form -more improv -faster with more drive |
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Euble Blake
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wrote and recorded the Charleston Rag
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James P. Johnson
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"father of stride piano" the charleston
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fats waller
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student of Johnson great pianist and entertainer
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Art Tatum
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almost blind both hands influenced Nat Cole
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beginning of big bands
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sweet bands gradually became jazz bands late 20s 9 to 11 members now sections were formed written parts less improv no collective improv
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Duke Ellington
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born and raised in DC influenced by stride player 1st band washingiorian played at cotton club unique writing
-jungle style -mood style -concerto style -standard style |
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Fletcher Henderson
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song plugger recorder with many great female singers Bessie Smith noted for 1st all star black dance band performed at Roseland Ballroom in NYC pitted one section against another worked with Benny Goodman
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after Cotton Club
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shorter big bands with standard songs and larger scale works divided into (1) extended works (2) sweets (3) religious
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Count Basie
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pianist composer bandleader riff based very blue improv swing feel rhythm sections
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Duke Ellington style
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pianist composer arranger unusual voice range improv with lines written wordless vocal innovatation many great sideman
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Cab Calloway
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flamboyant singer and entertainer replaced Ellington at cotton club blues brothers movie
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Coleman Hawkins
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hot NY henderson vertical approach to chord changes heavy vibrato slap tounge rough heavy father of tenor sax 'hawk'
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Lester Young
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cool, southwest with Basie, hortizontal approach to chord changes less vibrato smooth 'Pres'
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blues form
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12 bar
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32 bar song form
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a (8) a (8) b (8) a (8)
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Billie Holiday
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father played with Henderson played with Wilson sang for Basie and Shaw but said be nobodys girl
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