Kin 2Yy3 Respiratory System

1) movement of air in and out of lungs

2) gas exchange between air in lungs and blood

3) gas exchange between blood and tissues

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

Treachea, Bronchi, Lungs

3 Concha (superior, middle, inferior)

The nostril.

Hard palate.

1) Create turbulent flow to circulate air

2) Increase surface area w/in nasal cavity

Tunnels where air moves through.

Created by the concha.

Frontal and sphenoidal.

Cribiform plate.

Vestibule.

Stratified Squamous epithelium.

1) Lighten skull

2) Resonate speech

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Epiglottis

esophagus

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar.

stratified squamous.

9 total.

6 paired, 3 unpaired.

Voice box.

Epiglottis.

Moves down while swallowing to prevent food from entering the windpipe.

False vocal folds.

Epiglottis, Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage

Thyroid cartilage.

Smooth muscle and ligaments.

Stops fluids or food from going up nose while swallowing

The area that seperates the larynx from the laryngopharynx.

Arytenoid, Corniculate, Cuneiform

Thyroid cartilage and arytenoid cartilage

Abducted to allow air through (move vocal folds out of the way)

Adducted to position for speaking

Skeletal muscle adducts arytenoid cartilage.

Increasing tension increases pitch

T5

Hyaline

Carina

Carina, b/c extremely sensitve

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

Move particles out of trachea

Trachea --> Carina --> Primary Bronchi --> Lobar Bronchi --> Segmental Bronchi --> Bronchiole --> Terminal Bronchiole --> Respiratory Bronchiole --> Alveoli

Cartilage decreases, smooth muscle increases.

Allow for recoil after filling with air

Thin, simple squamous

Alveolar fluid > Alveolar Epithelium > Basement membrane > Interstitial space > Basement membrane > Capillary endothelium

Remove dust or debris brought in by air

Secrete alveolar fluid.

The cardiac notch.

Hilum

Pressure is inversely related to volume

Increase in lung volume

During inspiration.

1 atm or 760 mm Hg

Change size of the thoracic cavity

Diaphragm contracts and External intercostals lift ribs upwards.

In forced inspiration the scalenes, sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor help raise chest.

Passive process, caused by relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals and elastic recoil of alveoli.

Forced expiration uses abdominals to push diaphragm up, and internal intercostals and transverse thoracis to pull the ribs down.

Surfactant produced by Type II pneumocytes

Water, to reduce surface tension from being too high.

They collapse

Surface tension created during inhalation prevents alveoli from expanding too much and breaking.

Also accounts for 2/3rds of elastic recoil during exhalation.

No surfactant produced, surface tension is too high.

Makes it hard to breath

How much effort is required to stretch lungs and chest wall.

Elasticity and Surface tension.

Reduces amount of elastic tissues, make lungs less compliant.

SNS - relax smooth muscle, dilate bronchioles, increase R

PSNS - contract smooth muscle, contract bronchioles, increase R

Dilate (reduce resistance) during inhalation, contract (increase resistance) during expiration

Amount of air inspired and expired, normally 500 mL

Maximum amount that can be inspired past normal inspiration, typically 3000 mL

The volume still remaining in the lungs and respiratory passages after maximum expiration.

Sum of Tidal Volume and Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Expiratory Reserve Capacity + Residual Volume

IRV + ERV + Tidal Volume

ERV + IRV + TV + RV

Tidal volume x respiratory rate

Space in the respiratory tract where gas exchange cannot occur.

From Nasal Cavity to Terminal Bronchioles.

Volume of air available for gas exchange per min.

(Tidal volume - dead space volume) x RR

Total Pressure is the sum of the partial pressures.

[Gas] = Partial pressure x solubility coefficient

1) Membrane thickness

2) Diffusion coefficient of gas

3) Surface area

4) Partial Pressure differences

Gas moves from areas of high partial pressure to areas of low partial pressures

How easily a gase is able to diffuse through a membrane.

CO2 is 20x more diffusable than O2.

N2 > O2 > H2O > CO2

CO2 > O2

O2 > N2

a) 160 mm Hg

Decreases to 104 mmHg, O2 is lost to blood and H2O and CO2 are added from blood

Decreases to 95 mmHg. Mixes w/ deoxygenated blood from bronchial veins.

4

Sigmoidal

Shift to the right means that hemoglobin has a lowered affinity for oxygen. At the same pressure, less oxygen will bind to hemoglobin than before.

Lower pH shifts curve to right

Lower CO2 shifts curve to the left.

Lower Temperature shifts curve to the left.

Both shift the curve to the right, and mean more oxygen will be unloaded, which is needed at active skeletal muscle.

CO2 is converted to bicarbonate, causing free H+ to come from H2O, lowering pH.

Shift curve to right.

2,3-biphosphoglycerate

Reduces hemoglobin's ability to bind to oxygen.

1) Pontine Respiratory Group

- slow/stop respiration

2) Dorsal Respiratory Group

- stimulates diaphragm

3) Ventral Respiratory Group

- stimulates intercostal (external and internal)

Phrenic Nerve

Intercostal nerve.

The Medullary Respiratory Center

Medullary Respiratory Center neurons spontaneously start basic rhythm

Increased motor neuron activation

Medullary Respiratory Center recieves feedback from Pontine Group, sends inhibatory signals to relax respiratory muscles

Stretch receptors in lungs