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71 Cards in this Set
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PROKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES Flagella |
motion organelle |
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PROKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES Fimbriae/pilli |
1. Attachment 2. sex pilus: transfer of genes( plasmid) |
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CELL WALL STRUCTURES peptidoglycan |
lattice structure like mesh macromolecle, polymer of N-acetylmuramic and N-acetylglucosamine linked with peptides |
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CELL WALL STRUCTURES LPS- Lipopolysaccharide |
ONLY GRAM - attached to the outer membrane |
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CELL WALL STRUCTURES Lipid A-LPS |
"endotoxin" is anchored in the outer membrane |
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CELL WALL STRUCTURES Polysaccharide- LPS |
"O" antigen used for identifying strains |
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CELL WALL STRUCTURES Teichoic and Lipoteichoic acids |
Only Gram + attached to peptidoglycan layer, project outwards and cause cells to have a negative charge |
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CELL WALL STRUCTURES Cytoplasmic membrane- prokaryotes |
phospholipid CM |
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CELL WALL STRUCTURES cytoplasmic membrane- eukaryotes |
some phospholipids, carbs, sterols in CM |
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human cell plasma membrane VS fungal cells plasma membrane |
cholesterol vs ergosterol |
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cytoplasms of bacteria nuclear area=nucleoid |
chromosome (1 in bacteria) |
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cytoplasms of bacteria ribosomes |
site of protein synthesis, 2 subunits (70s) |
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cytoplasms of bacteria Inclusions |
reserve deposits of nutrients in membrane bounded vacuoles for energy |
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cytoplasms of bacteria plasmids |
small pieces of DNA that code for a restricted # of proteins |
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cytoplasms of bacteria endospores |
resting genetic material within a hard coat, resistant to heat, drying, chemicals ( function is for survival) allows bacteria to live on and continue to infect |
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Prokaryote |
means before nucleus bacteria and small unicellular organisms |
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Prokaryote and proteins |
begin with formylmethionine amino acid this protein is in bacteria and picked up by white blood cells, giving them signals they are foreign objects |
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Eukaryote |
fungi, plant cells, protozoa, metazoa, human cells |
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Eukaryote and proteins |
start with amino acid, methionine |
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How about viruses and prions |
they are not cells and are in neither category |
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Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote size |
0.2-2 Vs. 10-100 Eukaryotes are bigger |
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Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote nucleus |
No true nucleus, chromosome floats in cytoplasm Vs true nucleus |
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Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote organelles |
No membrane bound organelles Vs membrane bound organelles ex. golgi, etc |
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Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote flagella |
simple flagella vs. complex flagella-if present |
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Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote cell wall |
complex cell wall Vs. simple cell wall- if present |
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Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote plasma membrane |
lacks carbs and sterol Vs. contains carbs and sterols |
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Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote cytoskeleton |
no cytoskeleton Vs. cytoskeleton |
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Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote ribosomes |
smaller ribosome (70s) Vs. Larger ribosomes (80s) except for mitochondria (70s) |
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Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote chromosomes |
single circular chromosome Vs. multiple linear chromosome |
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Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote reproduction |
binnary fission Vs. Mitosis and Meiosis (sexual) |
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sterols ex. cholesterol |
allows cells to have flexibility and function properly |
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Mitochondria Theory |
mitochondria has lower sedimentation coefficient (s) b/c eukaryotic ancestral organism got infected by bacteria and the bacteria was kept b/c it made energy |
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Prokaryotic Cell Plasmid |
a small amount of DNA, has space for a few genes. can help spread immunity |
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Prokaryotic Cell sex pili |
allows plasmid that are relatively closely related to exchange plasmid, perhaps enhancing antibacterial immunity. |
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Gram Stains "-" Vs. "+" initial stain |
initial stain is lost Vs. initial stain is retained |
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Gram Stains "-" Vs. "+" peptidoglycan |
thin layer Vs. thick layer |
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Gram Stains "-" Vs. "+" teichoic acid |
no teichoic acid Vs. teichoic acid present |
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Gram Stains "-" Vs. "+" lipopolysaccharide |
LPS present Vs. No LPS |
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Gram Stains "-" Vs. "+" outer membrane and periplasm |
Outer membrane and periplasm present Vs No outer membrane and periplasm |
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Gram Stains "-" Vs. "+" penicillin |
Less susceptible to penicillin Vs. More susceptible to penicillin |
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Gram Stains "-" Vs. "+" stain colours |
red/pink Vs. blue/ dark purple |
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Gram Stain exceptions mycobacterium sp. -> M. tuberculosis |
Causes TB Can't stain purple, cell wall has some peptidoglycan but large amounts of mycolic acid |
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Gram Stain exceptions Mycoplasma sp. -> M. pnuemoniae |
Causes pnuemonia no cell wall; contains large amounts of sterols can't be stained or seen in microscope |
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Gram Stain exceptions Chlamydia sp. |
can't be stained b/c is too small; can't be seen with microscope gram "-" otherwise |
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Ziehl-Nielsen or "acid-fast" stain |
identifies mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and other organisms w/high lipid/wax content in cell wall relatives of TB may be found but have different reacions |
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Ziehl-Nielsen or "acid-fast" stain other organisms found |
cryptosprodium, a parasite that can cause 20L of diarrhea |
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Clostridium Dificille morphology |
gram + bacillus |
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Clostridium Dificille oxygen and growth |
grows only w/o presence of oxygen, strictly anaerobic |
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Clostridium Dificille survival and endospores |
wen expelled by a human body, the bacteria realizes it is exposed to oxygen, it creates an endospore until it can go back and attach to a body are w/no oxygen |
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Clostridium Dificille how does it work? |
works like a poison, damaging cells |
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Clostridium Dificille possible cures Oral metronidazole(Flagyl) |
antibacterial targeting anaerobic bacteria |
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Clostridium Dificille possible cures Oral vancomycin |
works on gram + bacteria |
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toxic megacolon |
gangrene of the intestines |
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Clostridium Dificille Quebec 2003 |
change to alcohol based hand sanitizers to replace hand washing b/c of outbreak of C. dificille in hospitals and institutions |
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Clostridium Dificille Quebec 3002 stats |
1703 deaths 6.9% death rate |
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Clostridium Dificille is it strictly unhealthy? |
present in normal flora in 3% of healthy adults |
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Clostridium Dificille how is it most often acquired? |
most often acquired nosocomially- getting a bacteria from a health institute |
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Clostridium Dificille early antibiotic treatment |
earlier antibiotic treatment eliminated other bacteria but not al clostidria, which then had space to grow |
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endospores are not activated by... |
alcohol skin gels |
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spores |
survive months in environment, resistant to many chemical disinfectants including alcohols |
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Clostridium Dificille toxins Tcd A and Tcd B |
are cytotoxins that act to disrupt the cytoskeleton of the cells in the intestine wall |
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Clostridium Dificille toxinsTcd A and Tcd B what can it do? |
can cause fluid accumulation- watery diarrhea |
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Clostridium Dificille toxinsTcd A and Tcd B how does it disrupt the cytoskeleton? |
damages intestinal mucosa- neutrophils accumulate, resulting in psuedo-membrane formation |
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Clostridium Dificille New strains NAP1/ B1/ O27 |
more dangerous, releases more toxins and resistant to antibiotics |
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Clostridium Dificille Treatment Conventional antibiotics |
antibiotics like vancomycin and metronidazole |
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Clostridium Dificille Treatment Conventional Pulse Regiments |
Treat 3 weeks, rest 3 weeks, treat again 3 weeks, cycle continues there are both spores and growing bacteria inside the body, by having a period of antibacterial treatment and no meds, spores are tricked into growing and will be eliminated |
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Clostridium Dificille Treatment Uncoventional |
Probiotics |
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Clostridium Dificille Treatment unconventional- fecal implants |
best succes rate Take feces from healthy people- they are tested and make a slurry, putting it up back through the back end or funnel through mouth to gut Populates intestine with clean bacteria |
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Clostridium Dificille syndromes |
range from mild diarrhea(ADD) to pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) |
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Clostridium Dificille complications of the infection |
1. Dehydration 2.CDAD (closdtridium dificille associated diarrhea) 3. AAC (Antibiotic associated colitis) 4. PMC (psuedomembranous colitis) 5. toxic megacolon 6. DEATH |
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Clostridium Dificille children |
Children less than 2 yrs never have C.dificille infections |