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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein. |
The central dogma of molecular biology |
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Process produceby which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to two identical DNA molecules.
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Replication |
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Each time a cell divides, the two resulting daughter cells must contain exactly the same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell. |
Replication |
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Each strand of existing DNA acts as a template for replication. |
Replication |
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____ occurrence. Eukaryotic Cells• Inside the nucleus• During the interphase |
Replication |
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Occurs withing the prokaryotic cells in thr cytoplasm |
Replication. |
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• Undwinds the DNA replication fork. |
Helicase |
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Dna to rna to protein is the simplified definition of |
Central dogma |
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The central dogma is where the dNA ____ data to mrna to ____ it to become protein |
Transcripts, translatw |
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• Synthesizes RNA primers complementary to the DNA strand.• Primers are synthesized from ribonucleoside triphosphates nu to? |
Primase |
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• Seals the gaps between DNA fragments. |
Ligase |
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• Coat the DNA around the replication fork to prevent rewinding of the DNA. |
Single-strand binding proteins (SSBPs) |
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• Found at the region ahead of the replication fork to prevent supercoiling. |
Topoisomerase |
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3 models of dna |
Conservative, semicon, dispersive |
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The process of making an mRNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence. |
Transcription |
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• The messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the gene’s protein information encoded in DNA. Anong processes to |
Transcriptiom |
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• In humans and other complex organisms, mRNA moves from the cell nucleus to the cell cytoplasm, where it is used for synthesizing the encoded protein. Ano ito? |
Transcription |
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A DNA sequence that indicates where a genetic sequence can be read and decoded. |
Tata box |
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, which specifies to other molecules where transcription begins. |
promoter sequence |
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Many eukaryotic genes have a conserved TATA box located 25-35 base pairs before the transcription start site of a gene t or f |
T |
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An enzyme responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence during transcription.• A complex molecule composed of protein subunits.• The number and composition of these proteins vary across taxa. |
RNA ploymerase |
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• Proteins that bind to the TATA box and recruit an RNA polymerase to the site. |
Transcription factors |
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Tranacribes for mRNA |
RNA Polymerase II |
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Gene transcription for mRNA RNA Polymerase ___
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2 |
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• Codes for short non-coding RNAs like: tRNA, and 5S rRNA, wat RNA Polymerase? |
3 |
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The _____process replaces the Guanine triphosphate group with another structure called the "cap". |
capping |
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The cap is added by the enzyme.... . This enzyme catalyzes the reaction between the 5' end of the RNA transcript and a guanine triphosphate (GTP) molecule. |
guanyl transferase |
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Mrna vs trna vs rrna |
Mrna transfers data encodes proteins Trna adaptor b/w mrna and amino acids Rrna forms the ribosome |
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A. - - - - is a change in the DNA sequence of an Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection. |
mutation |
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Nitrogenous bases types |
Purines, pyrimidines |
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Types of purines |
Adenine, guanine |
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Types of pyrimidines |
Thymine cytosine uracil |
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Parts of nucleic acid |
Phosphate sugar base |
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Base of rna |
Uracil |
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Bases of dna |
CGAT |
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Sugar of dna |
Deoxyribose |
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A binds to G binds to |
T, C |
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Attraction bw ions |
Ionic bonds |
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Joins atoms into molecule trough electorn |
Covalent |
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When bonded atoms share electron |
Non polar covslent |
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Where Electorns are unequally bonded atoms |
Polar covalent |
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Weakbinds in chem |
Hydrogen bonds |
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2 types of mixture |
Solute suspension |
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Other name of acid |
Alkali |
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Other name of base |
Alkaline |
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Forms H+ ions |
Acid |
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Forms OH or hydroxide ions |
Base |
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0 is acidic t or f |
T |
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The acidity scalw is a factor of |
Ten |
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Balances to keep ph stable |
Buffer |
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Body most important buffer |
Bicarbonate, |
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Bicabonate maintains... in bloood |
Homostasis |
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Chargaff rule |
The total amount of purines will usually be nwarly equal to pyrimidines
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The total amount of purines and the amount of pyrimidines are usually near equal |
Chargaffs rule
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In 1947, The Nottingham team: ______ studied DNAs and theirstructure.
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Gulland, et al., and Creeth, et al., |
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• It was found out that by altering the pH, the viscosity of the fluids of samples were also altered.
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DNA |
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is lower whensubjected to either extremelybasic or acidic pH. |
• Viscosity |
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Amount of guanine approximates the amount of
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Cytosine |
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The total amount of purines and the amount of pyrimidines are usually...
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Near equal |
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______ research was vital to the later work of Watson and Crick, but he cr himself could not imagine the explanation of these relationships--specifically, that A bound to T and C bound to G within the molecular structure of DNA |
Chargaff's |
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No of Adenine is equal to |
#a = #t |
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Number of guanine is equal to |
#g =#c |
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Alabyu |
Aylabyu tu mwa |
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If deoxyribose wasnt the sugar of dna, or deoxyribose is also known as |
Deoxypentose |
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backbone on the outside held together by hydrogen bonds |
sugar (deoxypentose)-phosphate |
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Made up of double stranded polynucleotides. |
Dna |
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Sugars found in sugar-phosphate backbones are bound by . |
phosphodiester linkages |
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Result of errors in dna replication Exposure to mutagens or infections |
Mutations |
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Change in a dna sequence |
Mutations |
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Number of hydrogen bonds in AT base pairs |
2 |
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No of hydrogen bonds in CG base pairs |
3 |
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Forms of dna |
A form B form Z form |
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The most common form of dna |
B form |
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Form of dna for most organisms |
B forn |
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the Watson–Crick form of the double helix that most people are familiar with. |
B form |
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A way to view the dna without a microscope |
X-ray diffraction crystallography |
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X ray diffraction crystallography inventor |
Rosalindt Franklin |
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Pyrimidines |
Cytosine Thyamine uracil |
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Purines |
Adenosine Guanine |
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Chargaffs rule |
Purines will always be near equal to pyrimidines |
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Purines will always be near equal to pyrimidines |
Chargaffs rule |
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The creator of chargaffs rule |
Erwin Chargaff |
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Adenosine guanine are |
Purines |
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Transcribes for rRNA |
Rna Polymerase I |
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Transcribes for RNA Polymerase |
Codes for short non-coding RNAs |
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Non coding strand. |
Template strand |
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Coding strand |
Complementary strand |
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Upstream |
5' |
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Direction of transcription |
5'-3' |
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, is synthesized in short, discontinuous segments called Okazaki fragments in the 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork.. |
the lagging strand |
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is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA. |
DNA REPLICATION |
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is involved in removing the RNA primers and filling in the gaps. |
DNA polymerase I |
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is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction, |
The leading strand |
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while the lagging strand is synthesized in short, discontinuous segments called... in the 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork. |
Okazaki fragments |
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are short, discontinuous segments of DNA that are synthesized on the lagging strand during replication. |
Okazaki fragments |
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is the enzyme that catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the growing DNA chain during replication. |
DNA polymerase |
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The three steps of DNA replication |
are initiation, elongation, and termination. |
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is the main polymerase responsible for DNA synthesis during replication |
DNA polymerase III |
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Okuzaki strands are joined together by... to form a continuous strand. |
DNA ligase |
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is the enzyme that seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds. |
DNA ligase |
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DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of |
phosphodiester bonds |
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the enzyme that catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the growing DNA chain during replication |
DNA polymerase |
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is the main polymerase responsible for DNA synthesis during replication, |
DNA polymerase III |
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Enzyme that is involved in removing the RNA primers and filling in the gaps. |
DNA polymerase I |
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The leading strand is synthesized continuously in what direction |
5' to 3' direction |