Patient Care And Management

Drugs that tend to destroy microbes or prevent their multiplication

Soluble substances derived from a mold or bac terium that kills or inhibits growth of other microorganisms

In the family arthropoda that includes spiders, mites, ticks, mosquitoes, etc.; can transmit infection to man or animals

A weakened or dilute solution of microbes

Colorless, minute, one-celled organisms with a typical nucleus

A drug effective against a wide variety of different microorganisms

A person or animal that harbors a particular infec tious agent and does not have clinical disease but is able to transmit the disease to others

mobile extensions of a cell surface

a group of viruses in the herpesviridae family

a disorder of the brain

Referring to an organism that produces toxins specific for cells in the intestinal tract

Disease passed from one person who has poor hand-washing hygiene to another through food touched by that person following stool elimination

Cells that require an oxegenated environment to live: may be either yeasts or molds

Inherited potential via the genetic transmission for a particular illness or characteristic

Parasitic worms that may live in the human intestinal tract for long periods of time if not treated

free fron acquiring a particular infectious disease

persons whose immunity is prohibited for physiologic reason

a part of a nucleous (a nuclear inclusion body)

An organism that lives in or on another and draws its nourishment from that on which it lives

the ability to cause disease

Passage through the skin by needle puncture including introduction of wires and catheters

An infectious particle of nonnucleic acid composition; must mutate to become infectious

One-celled organisms; often parasitic and are able to move by pseudopod formation, by the action of flagella, or by cilia

Tubes that are placed in the urinary bladder and fixed in place for a period of time

free of all living microorganism

Catheters or needles that are able to enter the blood vessels

extremely toxic

Minute microbes that cannot be visualized under an ordinary microscope; the smalles microoganism known to produce disease

This term is most often applied to infections contracted in an acute care hospital; however, it also applies to infections patients receive while in extended care facilities, outpatient clinics, and behavioral health institutions. Infections contracted at birth by infants of infected mothers are also classified as this term

Infections acquired in the course of medical care

A nosocomial infection that results from a particular treatment or therapeutic procedure

A person who enters a health care facility with an infection is said to have

Everyone has microorganisms in their bodies at all times. These microorganisms are called

Infections that are caused by microorganisms that are not normal flora are

When a person acquires an infection in the health care setting as a result of an overgrowth of normal flora, it is called

are often the result of the alteration in the number of normal flora present in the body or the alteration in placement of normal flora into another body cavity.

may also be the result of treatment with a broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug that alters the number of normal flora

common sites of nosocomial infection

These are often the result of long-term use of vascular access devices (VAD) and retention urinary catheters

Factors That Encourage Nosocomial Infections

Factors That Increase the Potential for Nosocomial Infection

a protein that does not contain DNA or RNA.

a mutant prion may be present by

of transmission from an infected animal or person. The diseasemost often resulting from a mutant infectious prion

This disease is transmitted to humans by eating infected meat or meat products

Prion diseases are known as?

elements needed to transmit infections

what are the two methods that human body has in warding off contamination and infection

The body has a highly complex ________________ that reacts to specific invaders that are able to bypass the nonspecific body defenses by forming antigens

foreign or unrecognizable organic substances that invade the body and induce it to produce antibodies.

protein substance produced by a particular white blood cell, the lymphocyte or, more specifically, the B cell.

B cells work with other lymphocytes called...

Antibodies are also found in

the fluid initially secreted by the mammary glands of the new mother. If given to the infant during breastfeeding, it protects the infant, because the infant’s body is not capable of producing antibodies for itself

administered to produce artificial immunity to a number of diseases that have been extremely pathogenic in times past. These vaccines may be made from living or dead (inactivated) microorganisms.

third type of vaccine that is made from inactivated, nontoxic exotoxin of a pathogenic microbe

Occasionally, antibodies function as antigens and produce diseases called

This occurs when substances identical with one’s own tissues stimulate antibody production, and these substances react with the host’s tissues in an adverse manner. In other words, one’s own antibodies destroy healthy tissue.

some diseases believed to be autoimmune diseases

methods of acquiring immunity

Results from active production or receipt of antibodies

Antibodies actually produced within a person’s body; usually a longterm immunity.

Antibodies are received from another person or an animal; usually short-term immunity

Antibodies acquired by actually having a particular disease; reinfection may be short or long term

Antibodies formed by vaccination that enable one to form antibodies against that particular pathogen

Antibodies formed in one individual are transferred to another to protect against infection.

Antibodies present in a mother’s blood or colostrum are passed on to the infant to protect him temporarily from some infections

Antibodies are transferred from an immune individual to a susceptible individual to give temporary immunity. This is usually done by administering hyperimmune serum globulin or immune serum globulin (ISG) from the blood of many immune persons

found in the bone marrow and in the peripheral blood.

The stem cell is also called a ________ as it furnishes a continuous supply of red and white cells.

invades the body in a progressive manner, that is, “in stages.”

Although some diseases are considered to be infectious (contagious or communicable) during only on what stages?

Some diseases are the result of alterations in a person’s genetic makeup and are inherited from his or her parents or grandparents. The environment may also play a role in influencing the course of these diseases. They may result from aberrations in chromosomal makeup, monogenic (Mendelian) alterations, or other multifactorial errors as the fetus develops. Monogenic disorders are defined as a mutation of one gene that produces disease.

A person whose body does not adequately defend itself against disease is said to be immunodepressed or immunocompromised. This condition may be present at birth, may be the result of malnutrition, or may be the result of medical treatment, disease, injury, or an unknown cause later in life. An immunocompromised person is unable to neutralize, destroy, or eliminate invading antigens from his or her body systems. These conditions are often chronic and untreatable

The process of infection

The pathogen enters the body and may lie dormant for a short period, then begins to produce nonspecific symptoms of disease.

More specific symptoms of the particular disease are exhibited. The microorganisms increase, and the disease becomes highly infectious

The disease reaches its fullest extent or, in some cases, produces only vague, subclinical symptoms; however, the disease continues to be highly infectious

The symptoms diminish and eventually disappear. Some diseases disappear, but the microbe that caused the disease goes into a latent phase. Examples of these diseases are malaria, tuberculosis, and herpes infections.

use of methods that totally exclude microorganisms as one works

indicates that the person is dressed in sterile gown and gloves and is engaged in a sterile procedure

a chemical capabke of destroying microorganisms or inhibiting their growth; same as antiseptic

destruction of microorganism and their spores by means of chemical or physical agents

a drape with one or more openings

destruction of microbes by stream under pressure or other means, both chemical or physical

any practice that helps reduce the number and spread of microorganisms

complete removal of microorganisms and their spores from the surface of an object

item are double-wrapped and placed in an autoclave.

reffered to as low-temperature sterilization. a maximum temperature of 54°c to 60°c of gaseous sterilization.

used for items that cannot withstand moisture and high temperatures.