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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Advantages of Clonal Plant Propagation (cuttings) (5)? |
Genetically identical Only way for cultivars Crop uniformity No juvenile period No dormancy issues are |
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Categories of Cuttings? |
Stem cuttings - softwood, semi softwood, hardwood. Leaf and leaf-bud cuttings Root cuttings |
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Types of Cutting |
Basal Heeled Nodal Intermodal Mallet |
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Examples of cutting types |
Nodal - Viburnum tinus Basal - Ilex aquifolium Heeled - X Cupressocyparis laylandii Inter-nodal: Clematis sp. Mallet - Mahonia aquifolium |
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Example of Leaf-Bud cuttings? |
Camillia japonica |
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Example of True-Leaf Cutting? |
Streptocarpus |
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Example of Root Cutting? |
Paulownia tomentosa |
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Factors that affect rooting success of cutting? |
Health of plant Juvenility of material Timing Genetic make-up Position on plant |
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Beech’s ability to retain leaves over winter when young called? |
Marcescence |
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Factors that effect success of cutting once taken? |
Time of day Polarity Wounding of stem base (eg magnolias) Wounding of leaf size |
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Name of most common rooting hormone |
IBA (Indole Butyric Acid) |
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IBA brand name |
Chryso-plus Grey |
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Requirements of rooting media (7)? |
Physically support the plant Provide good water/air ratio Sterile - free from weeds and P&D Suitable pH Little or no salts Clean to handle Light in texture, flowable |
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Mist system advantages (7)? |
Ideal conditions - warm base cool top Root faster Higher throughput Shading seldom required Ventilation can be controlled Washing effect reduces moulds Self-regulation (electronic leaf/solenoid valve) |
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Mist system disadvantages (6)? |
Costly Breakdowns Hardening off required Free draining compost required or basal rot occurs Not suited to all cuttings (eg hardwood) Leaching of nutrients |
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Discuss differences between warm bench (with plastic) and mist or fog unit |
Cheaper and easier to install Doesn’t require water supply/pumps etc Can wean off by simply cutting plastic Good for soft wood cuttings (fushia, Rosa etc) Need to ventilate once a week Constant management for fallen leaves, P&D etc. |
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Requirements for successful grafting (6)? |
Compatibility Dormant material Healthy young growth Cambial contact!!!! Protection of cut surfaces - tape, wax, parafilm Aftercare |
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Success rate of grafting depends on (5)? |
Close contact of scion and stock Callus production Formation of new cambium Formation of new Xylem and Phloem All influenced by environmental conditions |
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‘Rootstock effect’ outcomes? |
Tree size - example malus sp. Fruit formation and yield - Precocity - early fruiting and flowering - example Wisteria sinensis Extending ecological range (eg pH - Rhododendron ‘Cunningham White’), soil diseases, winter hardiness, flooding, salt tolerance. Reduced suckering - Rosa Manetti, Rosa ‘Laxa’ |
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‘Rootstock effect’ outcomes (5)? |
Tree size - example malus sp. Fruit formation and yield - Precocity - early fruiting and flowering - example Wisteria sinensis Extending ecological range (eg pH - Rhododendron ‘Cunningham White’), soil diseases, winter hardiness, flooding, salt tolerance. Reduced suckering - Rosa Manetti, Rosa ‘Laxa’ |
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Advantages of Grafting (6)? |
Rootstock effect Difficult to root plants Saleable plants in shorter time - eg wisteria. High price Better use of labour Repairing damaged plants |
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Disadvantages of grafting? |
Skilled labour required Expensive Shortage of scion material Planning requirements |
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Disadvantages of grafting? |
Skilled labour required Expensive Shortage of scion material Planning requirements |
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Grafting techniques (5)? |
Whip graft Whip and tongue Apical wedge Side veneer Side wedge |
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Define budding? |
Grafting the bud of a cultivar onto the stem (rootstock) of another plant |
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Two main types of budding? |
T-budding Chip budding |
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Differences between budding and grafting? |
Budding gives stronger union Faster (3000 a day!) Economical use of material Budding is easier Budding has higher success rate (>90%) |
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When to do T budding? |
During active growth As ‘slipping bark’ is needed June - September Weather dependent |
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Advantages of Chip Budding |
Longer season As bark does not need to be ‘slipping’ Better take and stronger union Because closer cambium contact Can be mechanised |
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Advantages of Chip Budding |
Longer season As bark does not need to be ‘slipping’ Better take and stronger union Because closer cambium contact Can be mechanised |
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Best time to bud? |
Autumn |
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Advantages of Chip Budding (5)? |
Longer season As bark does not need to be ‘slipping’ Better take and stronger union Because closer cambium contact Can be mechanised |
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Best time to bud? |
Autumn |
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Stock cut above bud when? |
Spring |
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Seed definition (4)? |
Fertile and ripened ovule Embryonic plant with a radicle and plumule With stored food in the endosperm or cotyledon Surrounded by a protective coat (testa)
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Advantages of seed (7)? |
Cheap and convenient Hardy Promotes wide dispersal Occasionally improves types Sometimes only means of propagation Generally free from diseases Allows for production of F1 hybrids |
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Advantages of seed (7)? |
Cheap and convenient Hardy Promotes wide dispersal Occasionally improves types Sometimes only means of propagation Generally free from diseases Allows for production of F1 hybrids |
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Disadvantages of seed (4)? |
Genetic variability in offspring Dormancy Seedlings slow to reach maturity Climatic variability (eg Mast years) |
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Types of seed with examples (6)? |
Pod - legumes Samara - Acers Nut - quercus Capsule - papaver Follicle - magnolia, helliborus Fleshy fruit - Rosa |
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Stages of extracting seed from fruit (4)? |
Fermentation Popping out (large stones) Maceration - mechanical pulping Flotation |
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How to test for seed viability (6)? |
Germination test Cutting through seed Tetrazolium test - turn red X-ray Indigo carmine - turn blue Excised embryo test - grown on moist filtered paper. |
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Describe germination test? |
100 seeds Prior to mass sowing 4 to 6 weeks Count radicles emerging Calculate quantity needed for desired outcome |
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Tetrazolium test (5)? |
Pre soak in water for 24 hours Cut seeds lengthwise Cover with Tetrazolium solution (1%) Leave in dark for 24 hours at 21-30 degrees. Access % of live seeds to determine quantity needed for desired outcome. |
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Two types of seed dormancy? |
Primary - during seed development Secondary- during storage or after sowing at high temperature |
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Three types of PRIMARY dormancy? |
Exogenous Endogenous Combined |
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Three types of Exogenous dormancy? |
Impermeable or waxy cuticle - liguminosea Tough and thick seed coat - no water uptake gas exchange or embryo expansion- Cotoneaster Chemical inhibition in coat or pulp - Rosa |
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Overcoming waxy cuticle? |
Dissolve in hot water or acetone |
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Overcoming hard seed coat (4)? |
Mechanical scarification/chipping - latyrus Soaking in hot water Acid scarification (Sulphuric acid) Warm stratification - takes time |
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Overcoming (Exogenous) chemical inhibitors (2)? |
Collect and sow seed immediately Remove pulp - ferment, macerate, dry etc |
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Which chemicals inhibit germination? |
Abscicic acid competes with gibberllic acid |
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What causes Endogenous dormancy? |
Immature embryo which requires further development (eg Fraxinus, Ilex) |
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Solutions to endogenous dormancy? |
Warm stratification Cold stratification |
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What happens during warm stratification? |
Seeds imbibe water with oxygen also available |
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What happens during warm stratification? |
Seeds imbibe water with oxygen also available |
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What happens during cold stratification? |
Mobilisation of stored food or removal of chemical inhibitors |
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Two points about combined dormancy? |
Some seeds need warm stratification followed by cold Dormancy can be in shoot only, not in root - eg Viburnum opulus |
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Seed rate calculation formula? |
Plant population / viability x field factor x seed count (per kg)
Give answer in g/m2 (ie x by 1000) |
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Eight different layering methods? |
Tip Simple Stool Trench French Serpentine Drop Air |
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Advantages of layering? |
Easy to keep alive - doesn’t dry out etc Avoids environmental controls |
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Advantages of layering? |
Easy to keep alive - doesn’t dry out etc Avoids environmental controls |
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Disadvantages of layering? |
Space inefficiency Labour intensive Expensive Difficult to scale up commercially |
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Basic requirements for layering? |
Healthy young growth Prune hard the year before Good soil - Availability of moisture and oxygen etc Exclusion of light Accumulation of hormones and food in rooting area |
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Basic requirements for layering? |
Healthy young growth Prune hard the year before Good soil - Availability of moisture and oxygen etc Exclusion of light Accumulation of hormones and food in rooting area |
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Artificial means of encouraging layering: |
Bending Girdling Cutting Wiring |
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Plant examples of different types of layering: |
Tip - Rubus sp. Simple - Forsythia Stool - Malus Trench - Salix French - vigorous shrubs including Cotinus Serpentine - Climbers including clematis Drop - Erica Air - Magnolia |
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Why devide plants? |
Control size of clump Maintain vigour Obtain young plants Remove weeds and P&Ded plants |
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When to divide (2)? |
Late summer/autumn for spring flowering plants eg Iris Spring for later flowering - eg Aster |
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Two stages of Fern reproduction? |
Haploid generation Diploid generation |
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Two stages of Fern reproduction? |
Haploid generation Diploid generation |
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Stages of Haploid Generation: |
Spores Gametophyte Archegonium with eggs Archegonium with sperm Fertilisation |
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Two stages of Fern reproduction? |
Haploid generation Diploid generation |
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Stages of Haploid Generation: |
Spores Gametophyte aka Prothalli Archegonium with eggs Antheridium with sperm Fertilisation |
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Stages in Diploid Generation? |
Zygote Young sporophyte Mature sporophyte Sporangium - spore capsule Sorus - groups of Sporangium Indusium - cover of sorus |
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Parts of a fern? |
Rhizome Root Crozier - unfurls into… Frond - divided into… Stipe - stalk Blade - leafy section. Divided into: Rachis - blade stalk Pinna- divisions of blade Pinnule - individual divisions of pinna |
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Propagation methods of ferns (7)? |
Spores Rhizomes Division Bulbils/plantlets Offsets Auricles Layering In Vitro
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Advantages of In Vitro propagation (6)? |
Fast Large numbers No seasonal effects Good for difficult plants Produces healthy material High quality plants
High |
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Advantages of In Vitro propagation (6)? |
Fast Large numbers No seasonal effects Good for difficult plants Produces healthy material High quality plants
High |
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Disadvantages of In Vitro (4)? |
Costly to establish Labour intensive (skilled Labour) Not suitable for all plants Contaminations/mutants/off-types |
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Three areas required for in vitro? |
Preparation area: fridge, autoclave (for serialising tools), worktop Transfer Area: laminar airflow cabinet Culture room - storage shelves, controlled temp and air conditioning. |
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5 stages of In Vitro? |
Selection and preparation Establishment of propagule Shoot production Root production Weaning off |
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In vitro growing solution called? |
Agar |
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Hormones used in In Vitro? |
Cytokinin - Stem development Auxins - root development |
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Hormones used in In Vitro? |
Cytokinin - Stem development Auxins - root development |
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Three phases of In Vitro growth? |
Isolation phase - fast growth of stems Stabilisation phase - unpredictable growth Production phase - strong growth again after stabilisation |
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Examples of Internodal cuttings? |
Passiflora caerulea Heathers (short internodes) |
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Example of a sterile fern (propagated by division): |
Polystichum setiferum |
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Shuttlecock fern in Latin? |
Matteuccia struthiopteris |
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Example of climbing fern (propagated by layering)? |
Lygodium |
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Material to use for in vitro propagation? |
Apical buds Adventitious buds (axillary buds) Stomatic embryos |
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Material to use for in vitro propagation? |
Apical buds Adventitious buds (axillary buds) Stomatic embryos |
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Advantages of stool layering (5)? |
Highly effective Clonea produced Good for plants that are rigid and can’t be bent to ground Can be mechanised- cost effective Beds can last up to 20 years. |
