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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sub-fields of Psychology |
Clinical/Counseling Cognitive Developmental Educational Engineering Environmental Experimental Forensic Health I/O Media Neuro Rehabilitation Social Sport |
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Nature V. Nuture |
Francis Galton Nature: (Innate) Something people are born with. Nurture: (Experience) Something you learn as you grow. |
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Eugenics |
Francis Galton The science of improving the human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics. |
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Distribution Graphs |
Normal: Peak in the middle. Negatively Skewed: Peak to the right. Positively Skewed: Peak to the left. |
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Placebo |
An inert substance given to members of the control group; the fake treatment that has no benefit, but administered as if it does. "The sugar pill" |
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Levels of Measurement |
Nominal (Name): Labeling without value. Ordinal (Order): Putting in order. Interval: No true zero, order of values. Ratio: Order, value between and provide a true zero. |
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Scientific Method |
Process scientists use to conduct research which includes a continuing cycle of exploration, critical thinking, and systematic observation. |
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Goals of Psychology |
Describe: Report what is observed. Explain: Organize and understand observations of behaviors. Predict: Predict behaviors or outcomes. Control: Use findings to shape, modify and control behaviors. |
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Qualitative V. Quantitative |
Quantitative: Can be measured in numbers. Exploratory/Investigative Numbers/Quantity Qualitative: Information about quantities. Cannot be measured numerically. Category/Quality |
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Sigmund Freud |
(1856-1939) Neurologist Dreams Id, Ego, and Super Ego |
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Carl Jung |
(1875-1961) Student of Freud Analyst Slept with a client Introversion/Extroversion |
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Ivan Pavlov |
(1849-1936) Classical Conditioning Nobel Prize Seraphima Extremely Poor Pavlov's Dogs/Children |
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John Watson |
(1878-1958) Little Albert Editor of Psychology Review |
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Abraham Maslow |
(1908-1970) Humanistic Student of Adler Journal of Humanistic Psychology |
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Frontal Lobe |
Higher-level cognitive functions like thinking, planning, and personality characteristics. |
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Parietal Lobe |
Integration of sensory information like touch and temperature. |
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Temporal Lobe |
Hearing and language comprehension |
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Occipital Lobe |
Processing of visual formation. |
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Tools used to study the brain |
Electroencephalogram (EEG) Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT Scan or CT Scan) Position Emission Tomography (PET) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) |
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Stem Cells |
Responsible for creating new neurons. |
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Broca's Area |
An area of the cortex that is critical for speech production. |
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Wernicke's Area |
A region of the cortex that plays a pivotal role in language comprehension. |
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Medulla |
A structure that oversees vital functions, including breathing, digestion, and heart rate. |
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Pitch, Tone, and Timbre |
Pitch: Degree to which a sound is high or low, and is determined by frequency of its sound wave. Tone: How the pitch is perceived. Timbre: Number of sound waves passing a given point per second. |
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Auditory (Hearing) |
Eardrum Hammer, anvil, stirrup. Oval window Cochlea Basilar Membrane |
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Smell/Olfaction |
Olfaction: Sense of smell. Chemical Sense: Involve sensing odor molecules in currents of air. Olfactory Epithelium: Site of receptor neurons for odor molecules. |
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Taste |
Gustation: The ability to detect five basic tastes; sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami. Taste buds located in the papillae are made up of receptor cells that communicate signals to the brain. |
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Touch |
The sensation of touch begins with our skin, which houses a variety of receptors. Pain: Fast pathway (location), and slow path (information). Kinesthesia: Awareness of the position and movement of the parts of the body by means of sensory organs. |
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Visibility of light |
Light is Sight: Eyes do not since faces, objects, or scenery- They detect light. Visible light is the only part of the spectrum detectable by human eyes. Features of light: Hue, Brightness, and Saturation. Perception of color. |
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Electromagnetic Waves |
Gamma waves X-rays Ultraviolet Infrared Microwaves and Radio Waves |
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Parts of the eyes |
Cornea: Shields the eye from damage like dust. Iris: Muscle that changes the size of pupil. Pupil: Controls amount of light entering the eye. Lens: Focuses incoming light and changes shape to adjust images to near and far through accommodation. Retina: Bipolar cells, Optic Nerve, Blind Spot. Photoreceptors: Absorb light energy and convert it into neural activity. Rods, and Cones. |
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Adaptation |
The ability of sensory organs to adjust after exposure to a changing environment. |
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Classification of Drugs |
Psychoactive Drugs Depressants Alcohol Stimulants Tobacco Caffeine Hallucinogens Marijuana |
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REM Behavior Disorder |
A Sleep disturbance in which the mechanism responsible for paralyzing the body during REM sleep is not functioning, resulting in the acting out of dreams. |
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Morning and Night People |
Larks: Early risers Owls: Late risers |
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Wish Fulfillment |
Freud Manifest: Apparent meaning of dream. Latent: Hidden meaning of dream. |
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Consciousness |
The state of being aware of oneself, thoughts, and environment. Wakefulness Sleepiness Drug-induced states Dreaming Hypnotic states Meditative states |
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Automatic Processing |
Unconscious processes and involuntary activity, guide many behaviors. Information is often detected, encoded, and stored without awareness. |
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Psychology and Physiological Dependence |
Psychology Dependence: A strong desire or need to continue using the substance occurs without the evidence of tolerance or withdrawal symptoms. Physiological Dependence: The body no longer functions normally without the drug. |
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Knowledge-Based Processing |
Drawing on past experiences and knowledge to understand and interpret sensory information. |