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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning
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Some experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner
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Habituation
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A general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding
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Classical Conditioning
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When a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
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Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism
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Unconditioned Response (UR)
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A reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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A stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism
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Conditioned Response (CR)
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A reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus
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Acquisition
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The phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together
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Extinction
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The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the UC is no longer presented
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Spontaneous Recovery
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The tendency of a learned behavior o recover from extinction after a rest period
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Generalization
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A process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition
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Discrimination
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The capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli
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Biological Preparedness
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A propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others
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Operant Conditioning
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A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future
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Law of Effect
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The principle that behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated
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Operant Behavior
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Behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment
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Reinforcer
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Any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
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Punisher
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Any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
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Overjustification Effect
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Circumstance when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior
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Shaping
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Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behavior
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Fixed Interval Schedule (FI)
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An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made
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Variable Interval Schedule (VI)
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An operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement
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Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR)
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An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made
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Variable Ratio Schedule (VR)
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An operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses
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Intermittent Reinforcement
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An operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement
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Intermittent Reinforcement Effect
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The fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better that those maintained under continuous reinforcement
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Latent Learning
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A condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future
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Cognitive Map
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A mental representation of the physical features of the environment
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Observational Learning
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A condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others
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Implicit Learning
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Learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition
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