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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the scientific study of how people affect and are affected by others
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social psychology
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who observed that attitudes were the most important concept in social psychology?
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Gordon Allport
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Who formulated that behavior was a function of the person and the situation?
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Kurt Levin
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2 camps of social psych:
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behaviorism
Freudian psychoanalysis |
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sought to explain all of psychology in terms of learning principles such as reward and punishment
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behaviorism
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preferred elaborate interpretations of individual experiences instead of systematic studies that counted behaviors
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Freudian psychoanalysis
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first social psych textbooks written by?
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Edward Ross and William McDougall, Floyd Alllport soon after
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ABC Triad:
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Affect - how people feel inside
Behavior - what people do, their actions Cognition - what people think about |
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the study of human culture--the shared values, beliefs, and practices of a group of people
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anthropology
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the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, and the study of money
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economics
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the study of political organizations and institutions, especially governments
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political science
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the study of human societies and the groups that form those societies
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sociology
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the study of human behavior
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psychology
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the study of what happens in the brain, nervous system, and other aspects of the body
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biological psychology/physiological psychology/neuroscience
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focuses on behavior disorders and other forms of mental illness, and how to treat them
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clinical psychology
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the study of thought processes, such as how memory works and what people notice
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cognitive psychology
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the study of how people change across their lives, from conception and birth to old age and death
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developmental psychology
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the branch of psychology that focuses on important differences between individuals
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personality psychology
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"love of wisdom"; the pursuit of knowledge about fundamental matters such as life, death, meaning, reality, and truth
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philosophy
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research that focuses on solving particular practical problems
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applied research
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steps of the scientific method
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1.researcher states a problem for study
2. researcher formulates a testable hypothesis 3. researcher designs a study to test the hypothesis and collects data 4. a test is made of the hypothesis by confronting it with the data 5. researcher communicates study results |
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an idea about the possible nature of reality; a prediction tested in an experiment
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hypothesis
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an experiment in which each participant is exposed to all levels of the IV
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within-subjects design
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an experiment in which each participant is exposed to only one level of the IV
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between-subjects design
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unobservable constructs that are linked together in some logical way
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theories
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observable operations, procedures, and measurements that are based on the independent and dependent variables
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operational definitions
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a research assistant pretending to be another participant in a study
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confederate
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the extent to which the IV is a valid representation of the theoretical stimulus
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construct validity of the case
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the extent to which the DV is a valid representation of the theoretical response
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construct validity of the effect
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a study in which the researcher manipulates an IV and randomly assigns people to groups (levels of the IV)
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experiment
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a type of study in which the researcher can manipulate an IV but cannot use random assignment
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quasi-experiment
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the extent to which changes in the IV caused changes in the DV
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internal validity
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occurs when the effects of two variables can not be separated
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confounding
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an experiment that includes more than one IV or factor
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factorial design
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the effect of a single IV on the DV, ignoring the effects of the other IVs
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main effect
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the joint effects of more than one IV on the DV
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interaction
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an unpleasant emotional response that people often experience when someone is trying to restrict their freedom
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reactance
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an experiment conducted in a real-world setting
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field experiment
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the extent to which study participants get so caught up in the procedures that they forget they are in an experiment
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experimental realism
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the extent to which the setting of an experiment physically resembles the real world
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mundane realism
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the extent to which the findings from a study can be generalized to other people, other settings, and other time periods
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external validity
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a nonexperimental method in which the researcher merely observes whether variables are associated or related
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correlational approach
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a quantitative literature review that combines the statistical results from all studies conducted on a topic
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meta-analysis
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repeating a study to be sure similar results can be obtained
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replication
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a broader term for mind, encompassing emotions, desires, perceptions, and all other psychological processes
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psyche
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the physical world around us, including its laws and processes
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nature
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living longer
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survival
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animals that seek connections to others and prefer to live, work, and play with other members of their species
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social animals
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the view that evolution shaped the human psyche so as to enable humans to create and take part in culture
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cultural animal
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practical ways of doing things
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prazix
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an information-based system that includes shared ideas and common ways of doing things
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culture
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the idea that the mind has two different processing systems (conscious and automatic)
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duplex mind
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the part of the mind outside of consciousness that performs simple operations
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automatic system
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the part of the mind that performs complex operations
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conscious system
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a set of beliefs about oneself
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self-knowledge/self-concept
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the image of the self that is conveyed to others
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interpersonal self/public self
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the part of the self involved in control, including both control over other people and self-control
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agent self/executive function
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a person's inner thoughts and feelings
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self as impulse
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the way a person acts in public, especially in official roles
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self as institution
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a self-concept that emphasizes what makes the self different and sets it apart from others
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independent self-construal
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a self-concept that emphasizes what connects the self to other people and groups
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interdependent self-construal
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the different roles a person plays, as in a play or a movie
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social roles
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attention directed at the self
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self-awareness
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looking inward on the private aspects of the self, including emotions, thoughts, desires, and traits
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private self-awareness
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looking outward on the public aspects of the self that others can see and evaluate
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public self-awareness
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ideas (concepts) of how things might possibly be
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standards
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the process people use to control and change their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
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self-regulation
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thinking about how others perceive you
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public self-consciousness
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the idea that people learn about themselves by imagining how they appear to others
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looking-glass self
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a combination of other people's views that tells you who and what you are
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generalized other
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the process by which a person examines the contents of his or her mind and mental states
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introspection
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three components to looking-glass self
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you imagine how you appear to others
you imagine how others will judge you you develop an emotional response as a result |
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examining the difference between oneself and another person
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social comparison
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comparing yourself to people better than you
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upward social comparison
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comparing yourself to people worse off than you
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downward social comparison
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the theory that people observe their own behavior to infer what they are thinking and how they are feeling
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self-perception theory
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the image of the self that is currently active in the person's thoughts
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phenomenal self/working self-concept
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wanting to perform an activity for its own sake
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intrinsic motivation
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performing an activity because of something that results from it
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extrinsic motivation
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the tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with rewards
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overjustification effect
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the simple desire to learn the truth about oneself, whatever it is
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appraisal motive
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the desire to learn favorable or flattering things about the self
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self-enhancement motive
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a desire to get feedback that confirms what the person already believes about himself or herself
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consistency motive
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putting obstacles in the way of one's own performance so that anticipated or possible failure can be blamed on the obstacles instead of on lack of ability
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self-handicapping
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response by the automatic system that "everything good is me, and everything bad is not me"
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automatic egotism
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the finding that information bearing on the self is processed more thoroughly and more deeply, and hence remembered better, than other information
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self-reference effect
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the finding that items gain in value to the person who owns them
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endowment effect
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how favorably someone evaluates himself or herself
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self-esteem
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trying to avoid loss of esteem
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self-protection
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mental tricks people use to help them believe things that are false
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self-deception strategies
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a pattern in which people claim credit for success but deny blame for failure
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self-serving bias
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excessive self-love and selfish orientation
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narcissism
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a measure of how desirable one would be to other people
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sociometer
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any behavior that seeks to convey some image of self or some information about the self to other people
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self-presentation
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in decision making, the greater weight given to possible losses than possible gains
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risk aversion
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in decision making, the greater weight given to the present over the future
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temporal discounting
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in decision making, the greater weight given to definite outcomes than to probabilities
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certainty effect
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the idea that both men and women seek to minimize the most costly type of error, but that men's and women's goals, and hence worst errors, differ
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error management theory
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the preference to keep things the way they are rather than change
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status quo bias
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the tendency to take whatever course of action does not require you to do anything (also called the default option)
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omission bias
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the idea that people are distressed by their loss of freedom or options and seek to reclaim or reassert them
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reactance theory
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those who believe that traits are fixed, stable things (entities) and thus people should not be expected to change
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entity theorists
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those who believe that traits are subject to change and improvement
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incremental theorists
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belief that one's actions will not bring about desired outcomes, leading one to give up and quit trying
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learned helplessness
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the theory that people need to feel at least some degree of autonomy and internal motivation
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self-determination theory
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a reduction in stress or suffering due to a belief that one has the option of escaping or controlling the situation, even if one doesn't exercise it
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panic button effect
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an idea of some desired future state
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goal
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a tendency to experience automatic, intrusive thoughts about a goal whose pursuit has been interrupted
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zeigarnik effect
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when the activation of a focal goal the person is working on inhibits the accessibility of alternative goals
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goal shielding
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the tendency for plans to be overly optimistic because teh planner fails to allow for unexpected problems
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planning fallacy
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the self's capacity to alter its own responses; self-control
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self-regulation
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keeping track of behaviors or responses to be regulated
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monitoring
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the self-regulation feedback loop of test, operate, test, exit
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tote
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the active phase of self-regulation; willpower
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capacity for change
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any action by which pepole bring failure, suffering, or misfortune on themselves
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self-defeating behavior
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the ability to make immediate sacrifices for later rewards
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capacity to delay gratification
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