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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What kind of tissue encapsulates the kidneys?
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Dense, irregular CT
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What are the components of the renal cortex?
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- Renal corpuscles
- Proximal and distal tubules - Capillaries - Medullary rays |
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What is shown in this slide?
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Renal Corpuscle:
- Glomerulus - Mesangial Cells - Bowman's Capsule |
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What are Mesangial Cells? What is their function?
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- Modified smooth muscle cells (pericytes)
- Support the glomerulus - May play a role in maintenance of the glomerular basement membrane |
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What structure can you see with the light microscope surrounding the glomerulus?
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Parietal layer of Bowman's Capsule can be seen
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What makes up the Parietal layer of Bowman's Capsule?
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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What makes up the Visceral layer of Bowman's Capsule?
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Podocytes
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The nuclei within the glomerulus belong to what three types of cells? Can they be distinguished (if so, how)?
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- Capillary Endothelial Cells (E)
- Podocytes (P) - Mesangial Cells - It is very difficult to distinguish them at the light microscope level w/o special staining techniques |
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What is the clear space between the glomerulus and the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule called? What does this space contain?
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Urinary Space - contains a plasma ultrafiltrate (fluid that passed from the lumen of the capillaries into this space)
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What components make up the filtration barrier through which fluid passes in going from the glomerular capillaries into the urinary space?
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- Fenestrated Capillary Epithelium
- Fused Basal Laminae of capillary endothelial cells - Podocytes - Diaphragm-covered filtration slits between Podocyte foot processes |
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What can be seen in this image?
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Vascular Pole
- Afferent arteriole supplies the glomerular capillaries - Efferent arteriole drains them |
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What can be seen in this image?
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Urinary Pole
- Where plasma ultrafiltrate exits the renal corpuscle |
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What can be seen in this image?
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Proximal Tubule
- This is the first place the plasma ultriafiltrate enters into |
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What is a nephron?
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- Functional unit of the kidney
- Consists of a renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule |
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Proximal Tubules:
- Epithelium? - Lumen characteristics? - Cell borders? - Nuclei? - Cytoplasm? |
- High cuboidal
- Occluded lumen (d/t microvilli) - Indistinct cell borders - Few nuclei, basally located in a plane - Eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm |
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What kind of cells are these? How can you tell?
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Proximal Tubule cells:
- High cuboidal - Occluded lumen (d/t long microvilli / brush border) - Indistinct cell borders (b/c lateral walls highly inter-digitated) - Few nuclei, basally located in a plane (b/c large cells) - Eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm (d/t lots of mito and basal membrane infoldings) |
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What is the function of the cells in the Proximal Tubule?
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- Passive reabsorption: Na+, Cl-, H2O
- Facilitated reabsorption: glucose, AA, proteins |
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How does the number of Proximal Tubules compare to Distal Tubules in a given section? Why?
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More Proximal Tubules / section because DTs are shorter than PTs
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Distal Tubules:
- Epithelium? - Lumen characteristics? - Cell borders? - Nuclei? - Cytoplasm? |
- Low cuboidal epithelium
- Open, wide, smooth contouring lumen - Indistinct cell borders - Many, centrally located nuclei - Pale cytoplasm |
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What kind of cells are these? How can you tell?
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Distal Tubules:
- Low cuboidal epithelium - Open, wide, smooth contouring lumen (no brush border) - Indistinct cell borders (d/t extensive inter-digitations) - Many, centrally located nuclei (smaller cells, so more likely to have nuclei in section) - Pale cytoplasm |
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What is the function of the cells in the Distal Tubule?
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Resorption of Cl- and Na+
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What kind of cells are circled? How can you tell?
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Macula Densa of Distal Tubule
- Forms a disk of tightly packed columnar cells in the region of the vascular pole |
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What is the function of the Macula Densa (circled)?
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Monitors Na+ concentration and volume of the ultra-filtrate
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What larger structure is the Macula Densa apart of that includes specialized cells in a portion of the afferent arteriole?
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Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
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What is the secretory product of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus cells of the Afferent Arteriole?
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Renin
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In what part of the kidney do the thick descending limbs of the Loop of Henle descend?
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Within Medullary Rays into the Medulla
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Loop of Henle:
- Epithelium? |
- Thick part is cuboidal
- Thin part is squamous |
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What kind of cells are these? How can you tell?
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Thin part of Loop of Henle:
- Tubules lined by simple squamous epithelium, lacking RBCs (Tubules lined by simple squamous epithelium w/ RBCs in their lumens are capillaries) |
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Collecting Duct:
- Epithelium? - Lumen characteristics? - Cell borders? - Nuclei? - Cytoplasm? |
- Cuboidal to Columnar epithelium
- Open, scalloped edge lumen because cells bulge inwards - Distinct cell borders - Many, centrally located nuclei - Pale cytoplasm |
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What kind of cells are these? How can you tell?
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Collecting Duct:
- Cuboidal to Columnar epithelium - Open, scalloped edge lumen because cells bulge inwards - Distinct cell borders - Many, centrally located nuclei - Pale cytoplasm |
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What makes up the stroma of the kidney?
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Primarily reticular fibers (although the stroma-supportive tissue is not as predominant as it is in other organs)
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What are the layers/tunics of the ureter? Inner to outer?
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- Mucosa - innermost
- Muscularis - middle - Adventitia - outermost |
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What layer of the ureter supports the epithelium?
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Lamina Propria / Mucosa
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What type of epithelium lines the lumen of the ureter?
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Transitional Epithelium
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What is layer A?
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Adventitia (outermost tunic) of ureter
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What is layer B?
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Muscularis (circular)
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What is layer C?
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Muscularis (longitudinal)
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What is layer D?
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Mucosa
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How are the layers of the smooth muscle arranged in the muscularis layer of the ureter?
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Upper 2/3 of ureter:
- Inner layer is longitudinal muscle - Outer layer is circular muscle |
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How does the organization of the muscle in the muscularis layer of the ureter compare to the organization in the GI?
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It is opposite, in the ureter:
- Inner layer is longitudinal muscle - Outer layer is circular muscle |
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What are the layers/tunics of the bladder wall?
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- Mucosa (inner)
- Muscularis (middle) - Adventitia (outer) |
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What type of epithelium lines the lumen of the bladder?
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Transitional Endothelium (Urothelium)
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What are the components of the Tunica Mucosa in the Urinary Bladder?
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- Transitional epithelium (urothelium)
- Underlying lamina propria (mostly fibrous CT) |
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What kind of fibers are found within the lamina propria and muscularis of the bladder wall?
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Elastin - refractile, pink staining fibers (they are much more coarse in the muscularis)
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What layers of the bladder contain Elastin?
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Lamina Propria and Muscularis (musch more coarse in Muscularis)
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When fixed, this bladder was in what state?
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Relaxed
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Because the bladder is a saccular organ, how many layers does it have in the smooth muscle wall?
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3
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How common is urinary bladder cancer?
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4th most common tumor in men and 8th most common tumor in women
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What is a common presenting symptom of bladder cancer?
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Gross, painless hematuria (90%)
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Approximately 95% of bladder cancers arise from what cell type?
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Transitional Cell (Urothelial) Carcinoma
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