Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is the entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells called?
|
Respiration
|
|
What does respiration consist of?
|
ventilation, gas exchance between blood and lungs, gas transport in the bloodstream, gas exchange between the blood and body cells, and cellular respiration
|
|
The organs of the respiratory tract can be divided into two groups; what are they?
|
Upper respiratory tract and Lower respiratory tract
|
|
What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?
|
nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx
|
|
What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?
|
larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs
|
|
what is the nose supported by?
|
by bone and cartilage
|
|
the nose provides entrance for what?
|
air in which air is filtered by coarse hairs inside the nostrils.
|
|
where is the nasal cavity located?
|
in a space posterior to the nose.
|
|
what is the nasal cavity divided by?
|
medially by the nasal septum
|
|
what divides the cavity into passageways that are lined with mucous membrane, and help increase the surface area available to warm and filter incoming air?
|
nasal conchae
|
|
what is the nose supported by?
|
by bone and cartilage
|
|
the nose provides entrance for what?
|
air in which air is filtered by coarse hairs inside the nostrils.
|
|
where is the nasal cavity located?
|
in a space posterior to the nose.
|
|
what is the nasal cavity divided by?
|
medially by the nasal septum
|
|
what divides the cavity into passageways that are lined with mucous membrane, and help increase the surface area available to warm and filter incoming air?
|
nasal conchae
|
|
what is the entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells called?
|
Respiration
|
|
What does respiration consist of?
|
ventilation, gas exchance between blood and lungs, gas transport in the bloodstream, gas exchange between the blood and body cells, and cellular respiration
|
|
The organs of the respiratory tract can be divided into two groups; what are they?
|
Upper respiratory tract and Lower respiratory tract
|
|
What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?
|
nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx
|
|
What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?
|
larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs
|
|
____ are air-filled spaces within the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of the skull.
|
sinuses
|
|
where does the sinuses open to? what are they lined and continuous with?
|
the sinuses open to the NASAL CAVITY. they are lined with MUCUS MEMBRANE that is continuous with LINING OF THE NASAL CAVITY
|
|
what is the role of sinuses?
|
to reduce the weight of the skull
|
|
what do sinuses serve as?
|
a resonant chamber to affect the quality of the voice
|
|
What is the common passageway for air and food?
|
the pharynx
|
|
what does the pharynx aid in?
|
producing sounds for speech
|
|
where is the larynx located?
|
its an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharynx
|
|
what is the role of the larynx?
|
to help keep particles from entering the trachea and also houses the vocal cords
|
|
what is the larynx composed of?
|
a framework of muscles and cartilage bound by elastic tissue
|
|
what makes up the vocal cords inside the larynx?
|
two pairs of folds of muscle and connective tissue covered with mucous membrane
|
|
what are the two pairs of folds in the larynx?
|
upper pair and lower pair
|
|
what does the upper pair of the larynx consist of?
|
false vocal cards
|
|
what does the lower pair of the larynx consists of?
|
true vocal cords
|
|
what does changing the tension on the vocal cords control?
|
pitch
|
|
what does increasing loudness depend on?
|
increasing the FORCE of AIR vibrating the vocal cords
|
|
what happens during normal breathing?
|
the vocal cords are relaxed and the glottis is a triangular slit
|
|
what happens during swallowing?
|
the false vocal cords and epiglottis close off the glottis
|
|
what extends downward anterior to the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity and splits into right and left bronchi
|
trachea
|
|
what is the inner wall of the trachea lined with?
|
ciliated mucous membrane with many goblet cells that serve to trap incoming particles.
|
|
what is the tracheal wall supported by 20 complete or incomplete cartilaginous rings?
|
incomplete
|
|
what consists of branched tubes from the trachea to the alveoli?
|
the bronchial tree
|
|
where does the bronchial tree begins with? and where does it lead?
|
begins with the two primary bronchi, each leading to the lungs
|
|
The branches of the bronchial tree from the trachea are __a__ and __a___; these further subdivide until bronchioles give rise to __b__ ducts which terminate in ___c___.
|
a. right and left primary bronchi
b. alveolar c. alveoli |
|
where does the gas exchange between the blood and air occurs?
|
through the thin epithelial cells of the alveoli
|
|
what encloses the lungs?
|
the diaphragm and thoracic cage
|
|
what enters each lung?
|
the bronchus and large blood vessels
|
|
cone-shaped lungs are separated medially by what?
|
mediastinum
|
|
in the lungs a layer of serous membrane, the visceral pleura, folds bock to form what?
|
parietal pleura
|
|
what is the role of visceral pleura?
|
attached to the lung
|
|
what does the parietal cavity line?
|
thoracic cavity
|
|
what is the role of the serous membrane?
|
to lubricate the pleura cavity between the membranes
|
|
how many lobes does the right lung have?
|
three
|
|
how many lobes does the left lung have?
|
two
|
|
what does each lobe of the lungs composed of?
|
composed of lobules that contain air passageways, alveoli, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and connective tissue
|
|
what muscles are involved in expanding the thoracic cavity?
|
includes the diaphragm and the external intercostal membrane
|
|
what keeps the alveoli from sticking to each other so they do not collapse when internal air pressure is low?
|
surfactant
|
|
define atmospheric pressure concerning lungs
|
the FORCE that moves air into the lungs
|
|
the forces of expiration are due to what?
|
the elastic recoil of the lung and muscles tissues and from the surface tensions within the alveoli
|
|
_____ expiration is aided by the thoracic and abdominal muscles that compress the abdomen against the diaphragm.
|
forced
|
|
the measurement of air volumes is called____ and what does it describe?
|
spirometry and describes four distinct respiratory volumes
|
|
what is a respiratory cycle defined as
|
one inspiration followed by one expiration
|
|
the amount of air that enter or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle is called what?
|
tidal volume
|
|
during forced inspiration, an additional volume is called what? this can be inhaled into the lungs
|
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
|
|
IRV+TV gives us that inspiratory _____
|
capacity
|
|
During a maximal forced expiration, ___a_____ can be exhaled, but there remains a __b__ volume in the lungs. Adding the two together gives us ___c___ _____ ______
|
a. expiratory reserve volume
b. residual c. function reserve volume |
|
define vital capacity
|
the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve and expiratory reserve volumes combined
|
|
Total lung capacity consists of?
|
vital capacity plus residual volume
|
|
what is the air remaining the the bronchial tree called?
|
anatomic dead space
|
|
is normal breathing involuntary or voluntary?
|
involuntary act even though the MUSCLES are under voluntary control
|
|
what are components of the respiratory center include in the brain?
|
the rhythmicity center of the medulla and the pneumotaxic area of the pons
|
|
the medullary rhythmicity center includes what two groups of neurons?
|
1. the dorsal respiratory group
2. the ventral respiratory group |
|
what respiratory group of the rhythmicity center is responsible for the basic rhythm of breathing?
|
dorsal
|
|
what respiratory group of the rhythmicity center is responsible for the the forceful breathing?
|
ventral
|
|
pneumotaxic area of the pons control the nerve impulses to regulate the rate of breathing in what group?
|
dorsal respiratory group
|
|
what affects breathing?
|
chemicals, lung tissue stretching, and emotional state
|
|
chemosensitive areas (central chemoreceptors) are associated with the respiratory center and are sensitive to what changes?
|
changes in the blood concentration of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
|
|
what causes the breathing rate to increase in the central chemorecetors signal of the respiratory center?
|
either carbon dioxide or hydrogen ion concentrations rises
|
|
____a__ chemoreceptors in the __b__ sinuses and ___c_ ___ sense changes in the blood oxygen concentration, transmitting impulses to the respiratory center and the breathing rate and ___d__ ____ increase.
|
a. peripheral
b. carotid c. aortic arch d. tidal volume |
|
______ lowers the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
|
hyperventilation
|
|
what is the only site if gas exchange between the atmosphere and the blood?
|
alveoli
|
|
what does the respiratory membrane consists of?
|
the epithelial cells of the alveolus, the endothelial cells of the capillary, and the two fused basement membranes of these layers
|
|
gas exchange occurs across what membrane?
|
respiratory
|
|
gases diffuses from areas of ____ pressure to areas of ____ pressure
|
high to low
|
|
the amount of pressure each gas exerts is equal to _____ pressure
|
partial
|
|
what are the factors that favor increased diffusion?
|
more surface area, shorter distance, greater solubility of gases, and a steeper partial pressure gradient
|
|
what is transported in association with molecules in the blood or dissolved in the plasma membrane?
|
gases
|
|
over 98% of oxygen is carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin of red blood cells, producing ______
|
oxyhemoglobin
|
|
what is the role of oxyhemoglobin
|
is unstable in areas where the concentration of oxygen is low, and gives up its oxygen molecules in those areas.
|
|
when is more oxygen released?
|
as the blood concentration of carbon dioxide increases, as the blood becomes more acidic, and as blood temperature increases
|
|
a deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues is known as?
|
hypoxia
|
|
carbon dioxide may be transported dissolved in blood plasma as ________ or as _______
|
1. carbaminohemoglobin
2. bicarbonate ions |
|
most carbon dioxide is transported as what?
|
bicarbonate
|
|
what happens when carbon dioxide reacts with water in the plasma?
|
carbonic acid is formed slowly, but instead much of the carbon dioxide enters red blood cells, where the enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds this reaction
|
|
the resulting carbonic acid dissociates immediately, releasing what?
|
bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
|