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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Order of sinus development |
1. Ethmoids first to be completely develop, then 2. Maxillary, 3. Sphenoid, 4. Frontal |
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Keros classification |
Grading of lateral lamella height Class 1: 1-3 mm Class 2: 4-7 mm Class 3: 8-16 mm |
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5 partitions of the ethmoid sinus |
1. Uncinate process 2. Bulla ethmoidalis 3. Basal lamella 4. Superior turbinate 5. Supreme turbinate |
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Agger nasi cells |
Ethmoidalis cells that project anterior to the attachment of the middle turbinate |
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Onodi cella |
Posterior ethmoid cell pneumatization posterior and superior to the sphenoid sinus |
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Boundaries of osteomeatal complex |
Medial: mid turbinate Lateral: lamnina papyrecea Posterior: basal lamella Superior: ethmoidalis roof |
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Course of ant. Ethmoid artery |
Originates from ophthalmic artery in the orbit, enters anterior ethmoid air cells via ant. Ethmoidal foramen at the skull base junction of the ethmoid roof. Marks posterior border of the frontal recess. |
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Rate of infraorbital nerve dehiscence at the maxillary sinus roof/orbital floor |
14% |
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Haller cell |
Ethmoid air cell that pneumatizes laterally between maxillary sinus and orbital floor |
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ICA dehiscence rate in sphenoid sinus at lateral wall |
25% |
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Optic nerve dehiscence rate in the sphenoid sinus |
6% |
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CHARGE Syndrome |
Coloboma, heart defects, choanal atresia, growth retardation, GI hypoplasia, ear anomalies |
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Angular artery supplies: |
Nasal dorsum, nasal tip, nasal side wall |
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Most common artery injured during septoplasty |
Nasopalatine artery (anastamosis of sphenopalatine artery and ant. Ethmoid artery) |
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Woodruff plexus |
Naso-nasopharyngeal plexus; inferior to posterior part of inferior turbinate (posterior nasal, post ethmoid, sphenopalatine, ascending pharyngeal artery anastamose |
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Parasympathetic innervation of nose |
Superior salivatory nucleus - neevis intermedius - facial nerve (to geniculate ganglion) - greater superficial peteosal nerve - vidian nerve- pterygopalatine ganglion - postganglionic fibers sensory and sympathetic nerves to innervate mucous glands |
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Sympathetic innervation of nose |
T1-T3 - Superior cervical ganglion - travel w ICA - leave plexus as deep peteosal nerve to join GSPN - vidian nerve (nerve of pterygoid canal) |
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Two mucous layers of the nose |
Gel phase: superficial, produced by goblet cells/submucosal glands, traps particulate matter Sol phase: deep layer formed by microvilli, fluid that facilitates ciliary motion |
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Internal nasal valve components |
1. Caudal border of upper lat cartilages 2. nasal septum 3. Anterior end of inf turbinates (Normal angle is 10-15°) |
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3 components of nasal airflow resistance |
1. Nasal vestibule 2. Nasal valve 3. Nasal cavum: area posterior to pyriform aperture, resistance determine by engorgement of tissues) |
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Vidian nerve tributaries |
1. Greater superficial petrosal 2. Deep petrosal Vidian n synapses with ptergopalatine ganglion |
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Pathophysiology of primary ciliary dyskinesia |
Shortened or absent dynein arms (Kartageners syndrome: situs inversus + ciliary dyskinesia) |
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Age related anosmia/hyposmia incidence |
80yo=80% have olfactory impairment, 50% anosmia 65-80= 50% have olfactory impairment, 25% have anosmia |
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Kallman syndrome |
X-linked, congenital anosmia, hypogonadoteopic hypogonadism |
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MC neoplastic cause of anosmia |
Meningioma of lower frontal region |
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Treatment options for olfactory dysfunction |
1. Treat underlying cause (remove obstructions w surgery) 2. Topical or systemic steroids, alpha lipoic acid, Theophylline, olfactory training |
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Virus particularly detrimental to olfaction |
Parainfluenza virus type 3 |
