Sensation & Perception Quiz 2

a.columns for both the left eye and right eye in each hypercolumn

b.columns for the left eye residing in the left hemisphere and for the right eye in theright hemisphere.

c.groupings of several left eye columns adjacent to groupings of several right eyecolumns.

d.concentric areas, with the center columns for the left eye, and the surrounding col-umns for the right eye

Computers are better than humans at perceiving objects because Select one:

a. computers can more easily determine the reasons for changes in lightness.

b. computers can process information faster than humans.

c. computers have higher storage capacity than humans.

d. none of these; humans are better than computers at object perception.

Jimmy looks at a moderately blurred picture of Princess Diana’s face. Melvin will most likely

a. not be able to identify the face.

b. identify the face as male rather than female.

c. be able to correctly identify the face.

d. need a computer to scan the image to correctly identify it.

The Olympic symbol is an example of the Gestalt law of Select one:

a. synchrony.

b. Pragnanz.

c. common fate.

d. proximity.

“Viewpoint invariance” means

a. children can only represent one perceptual viewpoint at a time.

b. computers can invert images to easily perform object recognition.

c. humans can easily recognize objects when seen from different viewpoints

d. monkeys can only recognize other monkey faces from a frontal view

Humans use the _____________ to determine shape from shading. Select one:

a. delayed-matching principle

b. light-from-above heuristic

c. light-from-below heuristic

d. Mach algorithm

Gestalt "laws" are more accurately described as heuristics because they

Theory of Unconscious Inference

Viewpoint invariance” means

a. children can only represent one perceptual viewpoint at a time.

b. computers can invert images to easily perform object recognition.

c. humans can easily recognize objects when seen from different viewpoints

d. monkeys can only recognize other monkey faces from a frontal view.

Jada looks at a picture of a horse that was taken from directly above the horse, and has difficulty recognizing the horse. According to Biederman’s RBC theory, this difficulty would be explained bySelect one:

a. image-description modeling.

b. perspective convergence.

c. too many geons being present in the picture.

d. the accidental viewpoint. ** (page 111; applied, WWW)

The Bev Doolittle print of "The Forest Has Eyes" exemplifies the Gestalt Law of:

Select one:

a. uniform connectedness.

b. proximity.

c. common fate.

d. meaningfulness.

Copolla et al. (1998) gave students at Duke University digital cameras and told them to go to different areas on campus and take picture every two minutes. Base on the information on physical regularities, you would predict that the results would be that Select one:

a. Gestalt laws are incompatible with the major environmental regularities.

b. horizontal and vertical orientations were the major physical regularities.

c. diagonal orientations were the major environmental regularities.

d. environmental irregularities are more salient than environmental regularities.

Wundt: ___. Wertheimer:___.

The ___ problem shows that numerous physical stimuli can create exactly the same image on the retina.

The theory of unconscious inference

a. describes the use of algortithms in perception.

b. is closely related to the “likelihood principle.”

c. was developed by Treisman in the 1990’.

d. is incompatible with Gestalt psychology.

Jimmy looks at a picture of a side of a submarine that has dents and bumps on it. When he turns the picture upside-down, what he originally perceive as bumps, now look like dents, and vice versa. This is due to the:

A.increases

B.decreases

C.remains unchanged

D.can increase or decrease, depending on cue duration

a. 75 feet from the intersection.

b. at the intersection.

c. all of these locations were equally detected.

d. the middle of a block.

a. increases the efficiency of information processing.

b. eliminates change blindness.

c. increases the color perception of objects.

d. decreases the color perception of objects.

a. the spotlight effect; top-down

b. stimulus salience; top-down

c. stimulus salience; bottom-up

d. the spotlight effect; bi-directional

a. illusory conjunctions.

b. the oblique effect.

c. occluded objects.

d. grating stimuli.

a. increases

b. decreases

c. remains unchanged

d. can increase or decrease, depending on cue duration

a. when the plates on the table were changed from red to white in different frames

b. when a woman changes her hand position from her chin to the table

c. none of the changes were noticed by most of the participants

d. when a woman was wearing a scarf in one frame, and the scarf disappeared in a later frame

a. center

b. focused attention

c. preattentive

d. peripheral resource

a. if he was told to attend only to the first stimulus.

b. only if the two stimuli were presented for less than 2 seconds.

c. even if he was presented the two stimuli for 10 seconds.

d. only if the two stimuli were presented for less than 1 second.

a. only when the cue is the same color as the target stimulus

.b. only when the cue is in the same position as the target.

c. can occur when a cue is in a different rectangle as the target stimulus.

d. can occur when a cue is in the same rectangle as the target stimulus.

Select one:

a. has visual agnosia.

b. does not have autism.

c. is apathetic.

d. has autism.

Select one:

a. the spotlight effect; bi-directional

b. the spotlight effect; top-down

c. stimulus salience; top-down

d. stimulus salience; bottom-up

Select one:

a. illusory conjunctions.

b. the oblique effect.

c. grating stimuli.

d. occluded objects.

Select one:

a. attaching convex lenses to the observer’s eyes.

b. attaching small mirrors to the observer’s eyes.

c. attaching concave lenses to the observer’s eyes.

d. using camera-based eye trackers that are external to the observer.

Select one:

a. 77

b. 100

c. 90

d. 46

Select one:

a. 75

b. 90

c. 20

d. 50

Select one:

a. only when the cue is the same color as the target stimulus.

b. can occur when a cue is in a different rectangle as the target stimulus.

c. can occur when a cue is in the same rectangle as the target stimulus.

d. only when the cue is in the same position as the target.

a. continuity error; change blindness

b. contingency break; change blindness

c. Type I error; illusory contingency

d. Type II error; illusory sequencing

a. we perceive peripheral areas of the scene as “fuzzy.”

b. there is a limit to our visual sensory memory.

c. cortical magnification occurs in peripheral retina.

d. we “fill in” details based on scene schemas.

Select one:

a. saliency maps

b. retinotopic maps

c. knowledge

d. the cue approach

Select one:

a. low “Q”-rating; high “Q”-rating

b. high “Q”-rating; low “Q”-rating

c. large response from the FFA; smaller response from the FFA

d. small response from the FFA; larger response from the FFA

Select one:

a. delayed-matching principle

b. light-from-above heuristic

c. Mach algorithm

d. light-from-below heuristic

Select one:

a. common fate.

b. Pragnanz.

c. uniform connectedness.

d. synchrony.

Select one:

a. vision can be modeled on computer processing

b. perceptions are formed by combining sensations.

c. it is best to look before you leap.

d. the whole is different than the sum of its parts

Select one:

a. inverse projection

b. Xeon-Darpa

c. occlusion

d. correspondence

Select one:

a. An area on the right side is more likely to be perceived as a figure than a stimulus on the left.

b. An area on the left side is more likely to be perceived as a figure than a stimulus on the right.

c. A lower region is more likely to be perceived as figure than an upper region.

d. Diagonal orientations are more likely perceived as figure than ground.

Select one:

a. meaningfulness.

b. uniform connectedness.

c. proximity.

d. common fate.

Select one:

a. degree of openness

b. color

c. degree of naturalness

d. All of these are global image features.

After training participants on the recognition of “Greeble” stimuli, Gauthier et al. found that the neuron in the FFA responded

Select one:

a. as well to Greebles as to human faces.

b. weakly to Greebles, and decreased activity to human faces.

c. unpredictably to Greebles, and inhibited activity for human faces.

d. weakly to Greebles, but strong activity to human faces.

A structure that is specialized to process information about a particular type of stimulus is called a

Select one:

a. module.

b. pathway.

c. partition.

d. lesion.

Object discrimination problem: ____ :: Landmark discrimination problem :_____.

Select one:

a. parietal lobes; temporal lobes

b. parietal lobes; occipital lobes

c. temporal lobes; parietal lobes

d. LGN; thalamus

An area in the _______ called the ___________ is specialized to recognize faces.

Select one:

a. occipital lobe; RBC

b. temporal lobe; FFA

c. parietal lobe; area 4H

d. parietal lobe; FFA

The ventral extrastriate pathway has also been labeled the _________ pathway.

Select one:

a. why

b. where

c. how

d. what

The principle that specific functions are served by specific cortical areas is called

Select one:

a. haptic segmentation.

b. the distribution principle.

c. modular organization.

d. cortical magnification.

The results of the patient D.F., who had visual form agnosia

Select one:

a. show that double dissociations do not occur in these patients.

b. show that visual orientation is done by the same brain structure that guides action involving orientation.

c. show that perception and action are independent of each other in the brain.

d. show that the inability to draw items is due to a lack of general knowledge.

The arrangement of ocular dominance columns in the cortex is the

Select one:

a. grouping of 5 columns for the left eye adjacent to grouping of 5 columns for the right eye.

b. concentric areas, with the center columns for the left eye, and the surrounding columns for the right eye.

c. grouping of 4 columns for the left eye adjacent to grouping of 8 columns for the right eye.

d. alternating between left eye and right eye.

A large object, such as a tree trunk, will cause

Select one:

a. every neuron in an orientation column to fire, but not in the location columns.

b. firing of neurons in a number of different columns.

c. a limited number of neurons to fire in only one ocular dominance column.

d. every neuron in one location column to fire, but no firing in any other column.

n Ungerleider and Mishkin’s (1982) research, monkeys who had had their temporal lobes removed had difficulty

Select one:

a. coordinating their movements.

b. remembering sequences of actions.

c. discriminating between locations.

d. discriminating between objects.

Border ownership means that when figure-ground segregation occurs, the border between the figure and background

Select one:

a. is perceived to be associated with the background.

b. seems to change color.

c. is perceived to be associated with the figure.

d. seems to disappear.

A cell in area V1 of a monkey is shown to fire when a vertical bar is presented. When bars of random orientation are added around the vertical bar, the firing rate of the cell _______; when bars of some of the surrounding bars are changed to a vertical orientation, the firing rate of the cell _________.

Select one:

a. remains the same; decreases

b. increases; decreases

c. decreases; increases

d. increases; remains the same

The _______ effect is that humans perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations.

Select one:

a. oblique Correct

b. spreading

c. Turing

d. visual persistence

Border ownership means that when figure-ground segregation occurs, the border between the figure and background

Select one:

a. is perceived to be associated with the background.

b. seems to change color.

c. is perceived to be associated with the figure.

d. seems to disappear.

Hesdras looks at a flock of seagulls flying in one direction, when suddenly five of the seagulls start flying in another direction. He now perceives two groups of birds, because of the Gestalt law of

Select one:

a. uniform connectedness.

b. synchrony.

c. common fate.

d. Pragnanz.

Gestalt psychologists used the example of illusory contours to support the claim that

Select one:

a. perceptions are formed by combining sensations.

b. the whole is different than the sum of its parts. Correct

c. it is best to look before you leap.

d. vision can be modeled on computer processing.

Tong used binocular rivalry to test brain response when the person perceived a house or a face. When the person perceived the house, activity in the _____ increased.

Select one:

a. MLB

b. PPA

c. FFA

d. CBA

Kamitani and Tong’s “orientation decoder” was able to correctly predict what orientation a person was looking at on _____% of the trials.

Select one:

a. 100%

b. 25%

c. 10%

d. 40%

The retinotopic map on the LGN has been determined by recording from neurons in the ______ with an electrode that is positioned __________.

Select one:

a. LGN; obliquely

b. retina; horizontally

c. LGN; horizontally

d. retina; vertically

Which of the following is NOT a type of column in the striate cortex?

Select one:

a. orientation

b. double dissociative

c. ocular dominance

d. location

An electrode is placed in an orientation column that responds best to orientations of 45 degrees. The adjacent column of cells will probably best respond to orientations of

Select one:

a. 5 degrees.

b. 90 degrees.

c. 225 degrees.

d. 40 degrees.

According to Milner and Goodale, the dorsal stream is the _____ pathway.

Select one:

a. when

b. what

c. why

d. how

The brain imaging technique involving injecting a radioactive tracer into the blood is

Select one:

a. fMRI.

b. PET scan.

c. lesioning.

d. ablation.

An IT neuron in the monkey will fire briskly when presented a picture of a

Select one:

a. monkey’s face.

b. winery.

c. banana.

d. human torso.

Dougherty et al. (2003) used brain imaging to investigate cortical magnification. Their primary finding was that _________.

Select one:

a. information presented to the fovea activated the most brain area. Correct

b. information presented in the peripheral vision activated the most brain area.

c. moving stimuli activated different brain areas than stationary stimuli.

d. cortical magnification is not detectable using fMRI.

In Ungerleider and Mishkin’s (1982) research, monkeys who had had their temporal lobes removed had difficulty

Select one:

a. coordinating their movements.

b. discriminating between objects.

c. discriminating between locations.

d. remembering sequences of actions.

Parkhurst et al. (2002) showed that observers make initial fixations in a visual scene based on

Select one:

a. stimulus saliency.

b. stimulus schema.

c. meaningfulness.

d. scotopic representations.

When Levin and Simons showed a video of two women in which changes, which change was most noticed by the majority of the participants?

Select one:

a. when a woman was wearing a scarf in one frame, and the scarf disappeared in a later frameb. when the plates on the table were changed from red to white in different frames

c. when a woman changes her hand position from her chin to the table

d. none of the changes were noticed by most of the participants

When Levin and Simons alerted participants that changes in “body position or clothing” would occur in a video of a conversation between two women, approximately ___ % of the participants noticed the changes.

Select one:

a. 20

b. 50

c. 90

d. 75

Posner’s precueing studies demonstrated that attention

Select one:

a. decreases the color perception of objects.

b. increases the efficiency of information processing. Correct

c. increases the color perception of objects.

d. eliminates change blindness.

According to feature integration theory, the color, orientation, and other features of objects are initially processed in the _________ stage of processing.

Select one:

a. focused attention

b. preattentive

c. postattentive

d. tertiary

Vaco is playing basketball, and does a “no-look” pass to a teammate. This demonstrates the idea that attention

Select one:

a. is due to the functioning of the rods.

b. may not occur even if we are looking straight at an object.

c. can occur without directly looking at the object.

d. is solely the result of eye movements.Feedback

The spreading enhancement effect of attention can help us perceive

Select one:

a. illusory conjunctions.

b. occluded objects.

c. the oblique effect.

d. grating stimuli.