Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Integrationist perspective:
|
behavior is a function of the interaction between the specific person and the environment
|
|
|
Social Cognition –
|
the study of how we perceive, remember and interpret information about ourselves and others
|
|
|
Cross cultural research –
|
Research deisgned to compare and contrast people of different cultures
|
|
|
Multi cultural research --
|
Research designed to examine racial and ethnic groups within cultures
|
|
|
Hypothesis -
|
a testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur
|
|
|
Theory –
|
an organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena
|
|
|
Basic research –
|
seeks to increase our understanding of human behavior often by testing hypothesis based on a theory
|
|
|
Applied research
|
seeks to enlarge the understanding of naturally occurring events and to find solutions to practival problems
|
|
|
Conceptual variable
|
-- what the researcher is “thinking” of
Prejudice, conformity, attractiveness, violence, social anxiety Rather vague and not very testable |
|
|
Operational variable --
|
the specific procedures for manipulation or measuring a conceptual variable “what the researcher is measuring”
|
|
|
Construct Validity –
|
the extent to which the measures used in a study measure the variables they were designed to measure and the manipulations in an experiment manipulate the variables they were designed to manipulate
|
|
|
Self reports –
|
Participents introspecivly disclose their thoughts, feelings, desires and actions.
Strengths – easy and simple to quantify Weakness – biased based on indivudals current feelings, how questions are asked, and how they are worded. |
|
|
Observations --
|
researchers observing other peoples actions and measure the variables
|
|
|
interrater reliability –
|
the degree to which different observers agree on their observations
|
|
|
subject variable –
|
a variable that characterizes pre existing differences among the participants in a study
|
|
|
main effect --
|
a statistical term indicating the overall effect that an independent variable has on the dependent variable, ignoring all other independent variables
|
|
|
interaction* --
|
a statistical term indicating the change in the effect of each independent variable as a function of other independent variables
|
|
|
internal validity –
|
the degree to which there can be reasonable certainty that the independent variables in an experiment caused the effects obtained on the dependent variables
|
|
|
mundane realism
|
the degree to which the experimental situation resembles places and events in the real world
|
|
|
meta analysis –
|
a set of statistical procedures used to review a body of evidence by combining he results of individual studies to measure the overall reliability and strength of partical effects
|
|
|
Self concept --
|
The sum total of an individuals beliefs about his or her own personal attributes
|
|
|
Self schema –
|
a belief people hold about themselves that guides the processing of self relevant information
|
|
|
Affective forecasting –
|
the process of predicting how one would feel in response to future emotional events
|
|
|
Self perception theory
|
the theory that when internal cues are difficult to interpret people gain self insight by observing their own behavior
|
|
|
Facial feedback hypothesis
|
the hypothesis that changes in facial expressions can lea to corresponding changes in emotion
|
|
|
Overjustification effects
|
the tendency for intrinstic motivation to diminmish for activies that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors
|
|
|
Social comparison theory
|
the theory that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by compasising themselves to others
|
|
|
Two factor theory of emotion --
|
exipeirnce of emotion is based on two factors psychological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal
|
|
|
Terror management theory –
|
the theory that humans cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self-esteem
|
|
|
Self awareness theory --
|
the theory that self focused attention leads people to notice self disperancies thereby, thereby motivating either an escape from self awareness or a change in behavior
|
|
|
Private self concisousness--
|
A personality characteristics of individuals who are introspective often attending to their own inner states
|
|
|
Public self consiousness –
|
a personality characteristic of individuals who focus on themselves as social objects, as seen by others
|
|
|
Implicit egotism –
|
a nonconsious form of self enhancement
|
|
|
Self handicapping –
|
behaviors designed to sabotage ones own performance in order to provide a subsequent excuse for failure
|
|
|
Bask in reflected glory –
|
to increase self esteem by associating with others who are successful
|
|
|
Downward social comparison
|
the defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are
|
|
|
Self presentation –
|
strategies people use to shape what others think of them
|
|
|
Self monitoring –
|
the tendency to change behavior in response to the self presentation concerns of the situation
|
|
|
Nonverbal behavior
|
behavior that reveals a persons feelings without words trough facial expressions, body language and coval cues
|
|
|
Attribution theory --
|
a group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior
|
|
|
Personal attribution –
|
attributions to internal characteristics of an actor, such as ability, personality, mood, or effort
|
|
|
Situational attribution --
|
attribution to factors external to an actor such as the task, other people, or luck
|
|
|
Coveration principle –
|
a principle of attribution theory holding that people attribute behavior to factors that are present when a behavior occurs and absent when it does not
|
|
|
Availability heuristic –
|
the tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind
|
|
|
False consesnsus effect –
|
the tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes, and behaviors
|
|
|
Base rate fallacy –
|
the finding that people are relatively insensitive to consensus information presented in the form of numerical base rates
|
|
|
Counterfacual thinking –
|
the tendency to imagine alternative events or outcomes that might have occurred but did not
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error –
|
the tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other peoples behavior
|
|
|
Actor observer effect –
|
the tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational causes and the behavior of others to personal factors
|
|
|
Belief in a just world --
|
the belief that individuals get what they deserve in life an orientation that leads people to disparage victims
|
|
|
Impression formation –
|
the process of intergrating information about a person from a coherent impression
|
|
|
Information integration theory –
|
the theory that impressions are based on perceiver dispositions and weighted average of a target person’s traits
|
|
|
Implidcit personality theory –
|
a network of assumptions people make about the relationships among traits and behaviors
|
|
|
Central traits –
|
traits that exert a powerful influence on overall impressions
|
|
|
Need for closure –
|
the desire to reduce cognitive uncertainty which heightens the importance of first impressions
|
|
|
Belief perseverance—
|
the tendency to maintain beliefs even after they have been discredited
|
|
|
Self fulfilling prophecy --
|
the process by which ones expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations
|
|
|
Social categorizations --
|
the classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes
|
|
|
Ingroups groups
|
with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity
|
|
|
Outgroups –
|
groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity
|
|
|
Outgroup homogeneity effect
|
the tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups
|
|
|
Entity theorists --
|
people who tend to see social groups as relatively fixed, static entities and the borders between groups as relatively clear and rigid
|
|
|
Incremental theorists -
|
people who tend to see social groups as relatively dynamic and changeable, with less consistency within groups and more malleability between groups
|
|
|
Illusory correlation –
|
an oberestimate of the association between variables tat are only slightly or not at all correlated
|
|
|
Contrast effect –
|
the tendency to perceive stimuli that differ from expectations as being even more different than they really are
|
|
|
Subliminal presentation –
|
a method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them
|
|
|
Superordinate goal --
|
a shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups
|
|
|
Realistic conflict theory –
|
the theory that hostility between groups is caused bu direct competition for limited resources
|
|
|
Relative deprivation --
|
feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares pooly compared with others
|
|
|
Ingroup favoritism --
|
the tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups
|
|
|
Social indetity theory –
|
the theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their selfesteem
|
|
|
Social dominance orientation
|
a desire to see one’s ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppressions over other groups
|
|
|
Sexism –
|
prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender
|
|
|
Social role theory –
|
the theory that small gender differences are magnified in perceptiona by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women
|
|
|
Racism –
|
prejudice and discrimniaton based on a person’s racial background
|
|
|
Modern racism --
|
a subtle form of prejudice that surfaces in direct ways whenever it is safe, socially acceptable, or easy to rationalize
|
|
|
Contact hypothesis –
|
the theory that direct contant between hostile groups will reduce under certain conditions
|
